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Maskar och ärrvävnad - Hur påverkar det färgen hos fisk? För att överleva olika typer av infektioner är det viktigt att immunförsvaret fungerar. Det kan dock också vara kostsamt att ha ett immunförsvar. Ett exempel är feber. Kroppen slår tillbaka mot en infektion, men själv känner en sig inte direkt manad till mycket annat än att sova. Kroppen måste avväga vad som är viktigt att lägga energi på vTo understand why immune traits affect the fitness of its host is an important part of understanding why and how immune responses evolve. In threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), fibrosis is an immune response evolved to combat infection of the tapeworm parasite Schistocephalus solidus. Already known is that fibrosis leads to a reduced mating success for males. Here I investigated wheth

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health concern. Several studies indicate that most respiratory bacterial pathogens are capable of asymptomatic colonization and find their primary ecological niche within the nasopharynx of healthy individuals as harmless commensals that form biofilms. However, in response to external factors, such as concomitant virus infections, colonizing b

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a sensitive absorption spectroscopy technique, used in the detection of very weak transitions and trace species. A laser pulse is trapped in an optical cavity, in which the intensity decays exponentially. The decay is faster in the presence of an absorbing or scattering material. In this work the method is applied in two analytical techniques. In the first,

Abstract Habitat complexity is shown to be an important driver of invertebrate diversity on impacted coral reefs when the diversity supported by a comparative unit of habitat complexity is compared to that of a pristine coral reef. The more structurally complex pristine reef does not support the conventionally expected greatest amount of diversity, instead an upper limit threshold to habitat comp

Avian malaria parasites are prevalent all around the world and infect a wide diversity of bird species. In this report the prevalence of Plasmodium lineages in Spanish house sparrows was studied. According to previous research, higher variation of Plasmodium lineages could be expected in southern climates. This was tested by using samples collected from Spain and performing nested PCR with primers

The main international provisions concerning minorities' right to participation in public life at national and local levels are enshrined in Article 2 of the UN Minority Declaration in conjunction with Article 25 of the ICCPR, providing minorities the right to take part in the conduct of public affairs. Vital adjacent political rights, include the freedom of association as enshrined in Article

Gold mining has positive and negative effects. Conflicts depend on jewelry demand. In light of how (many) indigenous peoples don't want gold mining in their territories, why is it that (other) people desire and purchase gold jewelry? Value is about living your life according to what you believe to be important. Humans seek the approval by others of how they live their lives. Circulating tokens

Defects in the synthesis pathways of amino acids have only been discovered in recent years and are relatively unknown to most clinicians. In this chapter disorders neurological symptoms caused by genetic defects in the synthesis of the amino acids serine, glutamine and proline are discussed. Patients with serine deficiency invariably suffer from severe neurological symptoms such as microcephaly, p

The focus of this thesis is on proposing and analyzing a powerful class of codes on graphs---with trellis constraints---that can simultaneously approach capacity and achieve very low error floor. In particular, we propose the concept of spatial coupling for turbo-like code (SC-TC) ensembles and investigate the impact of coupling on the performance of these codes. The main elements of this study ca

To determine the spectrum of secreted proteins that are present in the extracellular space of early Xenopus embryos, a direct secretion screen was performed. Surprisingly, 24% of previously identified bona fide secretory proteins corresponded to four secreted Wnt antagonists of the same family: frzb-1, sizzled, sfrp-2 and crescent. sfrp-2 and crescent are novel components of the growing cocktail o