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Human host defense peptide LL-37 facilitates double-stranded RNA pro-inflammatory signaling through up-regulation of TLR3 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells

OBJECTIVE: The importance of human host defense peptide LL-37 in vascular innate immunity is not understood. Here, we assess the impact of LL-37 on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cellular import of LL-37 and synthetic dsRNA (poly I:C) were investigated by immunocytochemistry and fluorescence imaging. Transcript and protein express