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Popular Abstract in Swedish Retrovirus är en typ av virus som finns hos både människor och djur. Detta virus sprider sig genom att en virus partikel tar sig in i en cell och sedan integrerar sin virala arvsmassa in i cellens arvmassa, DNA. Retrovirusets arvsmassa är från början RNA men skrivs sedan om till DNA för att kunna integreras. I molekylärbiologins barndom trodde man att det genetiska flödThe human genome contains genetic elements which are more or less similar to infectious retroviruses. These are called human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and are thought to be remnants of infections in the primate lineage. Most of them have been inserted 10 to 60 million years ago but have at different time points spread in the genome via intracellular retrotransposition and make up as much as

The aim of ADINE project is to develop and to demonstrate new methods for the electric distribution network management including distributed generation (DG). The active network management (ANM) method needs enabling solutions such as protection, voltage and reactive power control and planning and information systems of networks. The actual devices and monitored data from the real-life demonstratio

For the first time since 1969, Malaysian politics witnessed the formation of a significant (albeit rather unstable) dual coalition system, when the opposition front Pakatan Rakyat (People’s Alliance) successfully challenged the Barisan Nasional (National Front)’s traditional two-thirds dominance of parliament in the 2008 General Election. With the parliamentary margin between the two political coa

Auger CVV spectra of sp-bonded materials are generally believed to be well described by one-electron theory in the bulk. We here perform detailed calculations on several simple metals and on silicon and obtain results which differ markedly from experiments. To explain these discrepancies we investigate effects of the surface and dynamical effects of the sudden disappearance of the core hole in the

In this paper I develop a view of the distinction between fake and genuine properties occurring in laws of nature.

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At the same time as our dependence on IT systems increases, the number of reports of problems caused by failures of critical IT systems has also increased. Today almost every system or service, e.g., water, power supply, transportation, is dependent on IT systems, and failure of these systems has serious and negative effects on society. In general, governmental organizations are responsible for de

Technical infrastructures of the society are becoming more and more interconnected and interdependent, i.e. the function of an infrastructure influences the function of other infrastructures. Disturbances in one infrastructure therefore often traverse to other dependent infrastructures and possibly even back to the infrastructure where the failure originated. It is becoming increasingly important