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BACKGROUND: Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980-2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories.M

Explorations and analysis of soundscapes have, since Canadian R. Murray Schafer's work during the early 1970's, developed into various established research - and artistic disciplines. The interest in sonic environments is today present within a broad range of contemporary art projects and in architectural design. Aesthetics, psychoacoustics, perception, and cognition are all present in this expand

Natural selection can play an important role in the origin of new species. When reproductive isolation evolves as a result of ecologically-based divergent natural selection, the process is referred to as ecological speciation. In most organisms, sufficient reproductive isolation is considered to be essential for the establishment of new species. However, reproductive isolation typically involves m

Pancreatic cancer represents three percent of all incident cancer cases in developed countries, but stands the 7th most common cause of cancer related death. Worldwide, pancreatic cancer is more common among men, however in Sweden, the incidence ratio between sexes is levelling. Despite extensive research to map underlying risk factors, results are still largely inconclusive. Furthermore, there is

While scholars have explored how business has increasingly been involved in socio-political issues (Scherer et al., 2016; van der Meer & Jonkman, 2021), less attention has been given to the process of how businesses are held accountable for those issues by stakeholders (Reinecke & Ansari, 2016). Current studies show that multinational corporations are sometimes forced to take a stand on di

Studying life history strategies is crucial for understanding the diversity among organisms. The trade-offs in traits related to survival, self-maintenance and reproduction play an important role in the variation of life histories and can be adjusted in response to environmental and physiological factors. Telomeres, which are repetitive DNA sequences found at the ends of chromosomes, can serve as

Antidumping measures imposed by a member of the World Trade Organization are authorized under the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (the AD Agreement). The AD Agreement establishes substantive requirements that must be satisfied in order to impose an antidumping measure. The legal basis for antidumping in primary EC law is Article 133 of t

The right to damage in antitrust cases within the European Community arises from the case Francovich decided by the ECJ. The case established that the individual's right to compensation could be based on Community law. The case also established that the national courts are required to apply the right to compensation regardless of the position of the national law. The first case to follow the p

Till följd av finanskrisen förlorade konsumenter genom placeringar i riskfyllda finansiella instrument stora delar av sina investeringar. Under åren 2008 och 2009 inkom fler klagomål till Finansinspektionen och Konsumentverket jämfört med tidigare år om att många konsumenter via rådgivning rekommenderats produkter som inte motsvarat den risk de varit beredda att ta eller att information om risken The aftermath of the financial crisis meant that many consumers lost parts of their investments because they had invested their savings in risky financial instruments. Between the years of 2008 and 2009, the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority, Finansinspektionen, and the Swedish Consumer Agency, Konsumentverket, received more complaints, compared to previous years, regarding financial advisor

Muntlig bevisning har länge medfört problem i den svenska hovrätten. När ett mål når den andra instansen har kvaliteten på muntlig bevisning blivit sämre, inte minst på grund av att minnesbilder hos förhörspersoner försvagas med tiden. Trots det har utgångspunkten, allt sedan det muntliga och omedelbara förfarandet introducerades genom 1948 års rättegångsbalk (RB), varit att principen om det bästaOral evidence has caused problems in the Swedish courts of appeals for a long time. When a case reaches the higher court, the quality of oral evidence has deteriorated, primarily because the recollections of witnesses and parties have weakened over time. The starting point has, nevertheless, been that the principle of the best evidence requires renewed questioning of witnesses and parties in the c

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur avtalsmekanismen I AvtL påverkas av den ökande digitaliseringen i samhället. Uppsatsen avser även att undersöka hur den ökade användningen av AI, som på vissa sätt har en nära koppling till digitaliseringen, påverkar avtalsmekanismen. AvtL har länge kritiserats för att vara gammal och ineffektiv men på senare år har mer positiva ståndpunkter yttrats. UppsaThe purpose of this study is to investigate the ways that the Swedish Contracts Act on the formation of contracts is affected by the increasing digitalization in our society. The study also aims to investigate how the increased use of AI, which in some ways is closely correlated to digitalization, effects the formation on contracts. The Swedish Contracts Act has long been critiqued for being old a

Den svenska narkotikastrafflagen reglerar tillsammans med andra relevanta lagar, exempelvis smugglingslagen, den straffrättsliga kontrollen av narkotika. NSL har sedan införandet 1968 genomgått ändringar, samtliga i straffskärpande riktning. Idag har Sverige en starkt repressiv och hårt kontrollerande lagstiftning beträffande narkotika jämfört med andra europeiska länder. När nätdroger under 200The Swedish penal law on narcotics (NSL) governs the control of narcotics through criminal law alongside other relevant laws, such as law on penalties for smuggling. NSL has since it came into effect undergone adjustments, all of them in a penalty sharpening direction. Today, Sweden has a repressive and hard-controlling legislation on narcotics in comparison to other European countries. As drugs

In past years, the demand for an indirect extraction of respiration and the interest in a joint study of respiratory and cardiac systems represented the driving forces for the development of Electrocardiogram Derived Respiration (EDR) algorithms. The main advantage of them consists in deriving a sufficiently reliable surrogate respiratory signal by only exploiting the normal electrocardiogram (ECG

Ett led i strävan mot en harmonisering av den internationella köprätten utgör United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) som trädde i kraft den 1 januari 1988. CISG har i skrivande stund ratificerats av 89 stater och är dispositiv lagstiftning för majoriteten av alla internationella avtal om varuköp. Något som diskuterades flitigt vid antagandet av konventionOne step in the pursuit of a harmonization of the rules regulating international sale of goods is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), which entered into force on January 1, 1988. As of today, 89 states have ratified the CISG and it is optional law for the majority of all contracts on the international sale of goods. A question highly debated at th

Purpose: With increasing obesity rates and the change of beauty ideals within society, the plus-size fashion market currently enjoys a massive upturn and many established fashion retailers realise the opportunities within this ever more important segment. However, the integration of plus-size brands can be challenging as being plus-size is still connected to a stigma. Therefore, it is surprising t

As a food processing lines manufacturer with diverse product complexity, an understanding of fluid dynamics in a pipe system corresponding to the rheological properties and flow behavior is substantial. This will be beneficial to design suitable equipment and prevent processing-related issues, i.e. lowering filling performance, over-dimensioning pumps, excess energy consumption, etc. Therefore, th

Om den tilltalade inte har förstått innebörden av sin gärning och inte har kunnat anpassa sitt handlande därefter, anses personen vara otillräknelig. I de flesta andra rättsordningar innebär det att den tilltalade inte kan dömas för brott, men svensk rätt saknar ett krav på tillräknelighet sedan brottsbalken trädde i kraft 1965. Sverige intar en särställning genom att samtliga kan bli föremål för If the defendant has not understood the meaning of their act and has not been able to adapt their actions accordingly, the person is deemed legally non-imputable. In most other legal systems, this means that the defendant cannot be liable, but since the Criminal Code entered into force 1965, Swedish law lacks a demand for imputability. Sweden has a peculiar regulation on the matters and everyone c

Under de senaste decennierna har utvecklingen av metoder för assisterad befruktning gått snabbt framåt och numera kan många som lider av ofrivillig barnlöshet få hjälp att få barn genom dessa metoder. Begränsningar i både svensk och finsk lagstiftning medför dock att alla ofrivilligt barnlösa inte kan få barn genom assisterad befruktning. Dessa begränsningar drabbar främst olikkönade par där kvinnIn the past few decades, the development of methods for assisted reproduction has progressed rapidly and nowadays many people suffering from infertility can be helped to have children through these methods. However, limitations in both Swedish and Finnish legislation mean that all infertile cannot have children through assisted reproduction. These limitations affect mainly different-sex couples wh

Guardian proteins help or hinder clumpy proteins? Proteins are products encoded by DNA in cells. They need to be folded in a certain structure to perform their function in the cell. Because of this, the proteins need a quality control system to ensure that they are folded correctly. A large group of proteins called as chaperones are important in this regard. The main role of chaperones is to fold

Vulnerability to climate change and the capacity to adapt to it are the result of intersecting power structures, system dynamics, and social identity markers otherwise known as intersectionality; and thus, differ greatly between contexts. However, despite the stark contextual differences between small and metropolitan cities, and lower and higher income countries, the policy and study of climate c