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Three cases decided by the CFI, Airtours, Schneider Electric and Tetra Laval, along with the ECJ's judgement in the appeal of the Tetra Laval case, may have changed the way the Courts and the Commission approach questions of proof in the future. In these cases, the CFI did not hesitate to conclude: ''the contested decision does not establish to the requisite legal standard that the mod
A powerful cartel forces customers to pay significantly more for products and eliminates competition since its participants do not need to improve their productivity or the quality of their products. Cartels have historically exercised great influence over the international economy. During the inter-war period cartels were so powerful that economists have estimated that international cartels contr
The ICTY and the ICTR were established in the 1990s to determine individual accountability for mass atrocities. The tribunals have had a great impact on the development of international criminal law, yet their effects in the concerned societies have been disputed. As the courts are located outside the territory in which the crimes took place, and are composed of international lawyers and personnel
As climate change continues leads to rising global temperatures and poses the threat of extreme weather conditions, the cooling energy demand within the building sector is experiencing rapid growth. This study aims to compare both energy performance and cost efficiency between all-air cooling systems and water-based cooling systems by investigating variable air volume (VAV) system and ceiling radi
Att ta reda på hur och varför reaktioner sker molekyler emellan är ingen lätt uppgift. Ingen kamera är tillräckligt liten eller känslig (än) för att filma det som händer på molekylnivå. Istället behöver forskare genomföra experiment och samla stora mängder data för att få en bild av hur en reaktion går till, den så kallade reaktionsmekanismen. Att ta reda på reaktionsmekansimer ökar förståelsen föN-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the most common form of sialic acid, a nine-carbon sugar often situated at the ends of glycoconjugates. Its unique reactivity makes it a complex substrate to work on, but new methods are continuously developed. In 2007, Ye et.al. reported a regioselective substitution by morpholine on position 4 of fully acetylated Neu5Ac, with retained stereochemistry. The anom
Under en längre tid har EU-kommissionen utan framgång försökt införa en gemensam skattebas för koncerner som verkar inom EU. Det senaste för-söket, direktivförslaget BEFIT, presenterades 2023. Syftet med BEFIT är att införa bestämmelser som resulterar i en gemensam skattebas för större koncerner inom EU, att möjliggöra enklare gränsöverskridande resultatutjämning för dessa samt underlätta och effeFor a long time, the European Commission has unsuccessfully tried to in-troduce a common consolidated tax base for groups operating within the EU. The latest attempt, the directive proposal BEFIT, was presented in 2023. The purpose of BEFIT is to introduce regulations that result in a common consolidated tax base for larger groups within the EU, enable cross-border loss relief for these and reduce
Fatima, f, 34, parent: “It is a small home for our children. They spend many hours here. To us, it is not just daycare. We don’t just come here and drop off our children and say goodbye, then come back in a few hours. They have to feel that this is a home to them”. This ethnographic study of Danish daycares analyses how information is being shared between parents and daycare staff, how conflict is
Inom läkemedelsindustrin är det väldigt viktigt att göra en noggrann kontroll av läkemedel så att de är tillräckligt rena för personen som ska använda dem. En vanlig analysteknik i industrin är HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), som används för att separera och identifiera olika ämnen i exempelvis krämer eller tabletter. Analysmetoden används för att upptäcka orenheter i produkterna. HPLC is one of the most widely used analytical techniques in the pharmaceutical industry used for separation and identification of compounds in complex formulations. Despite its advantages, HPLC method development remains challenging. This is due to the need to optimize multiple interdependent parameters simultaneously, while gaining high precision, reproducibility, and efficiency. Even minor cha
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), atmospheric methane (CH4) concentrations are considered a crucial factor in global warming, particularly in the near term, due to its high warming potential (~ 80 times more potent than carbon dioxide, or CO2) and shorter atmospheric lifetime compared to CO2. CH4 emissions have more than doubled since the industrial revolution and
År 2022 genomfördes en omfattande reform av den svenska arbetsrätten, med fokus på bland annat att modernisera lag (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS). Reformen utgick från januariavtalet 2019 där regeringen åtog sig att lägga fram lagstiftningsförslag som stämde överens med en eventuell partsöverenskommelse framtagen av arbetsmarknadens parter vilket resulterade i ett nytt Huvudavtal som blev grIn 2022, a major reform of Swedish labour law was implemented, with one of its key objectives being the modernisation of the Employment Protection Act (LAS). The reform originated from the 2019 January Agreement and granted certain labour market organisations an active and norm-setting role in the drafting of legislative proposals. The government committed to presenting legislative initiatives in
OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at the time of diagnosis of adult-onset type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes, in a recent cohort and compare to a previous cohort from the same region. Further, to explore factors influencing the prevalence of pre-existing CVD, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and C-peptide; in the later cohort also heart failure, hy
For evaluation of specific antenna arrangements in wireless communication systems we need physical channel models that take into account the directional domain. Here we propose a practical approach to wireless channel modeling in, particularly, mobile communication systems, by using an assumption that the channel can be divided into separate parts or regions that can be treated and modeled individ
Agricultural policies have always had a tendency to be controversial. In many cases they generate major transfers of welfare between different groups of people, and hence are favoured by some and criticised by others. They also frequently cause trouble at the international level as domestic programmes interfere with trade flows and affect the wellbeing of people in other parts of the world. In add
Popular Abstract in Swedish Nästan alla träd i våra skogar lever i samspel (symbios) med svampar. Många av dessa är ”vanliga” svampar, sådana som vi är vana vid att se och plocka i naturen, (exempelvis soppar, kremlor, riskor, flugsvampar och kantareller) men det finns också de som inte bildar fruktkroppar, eller har fruktkroppar som vi inte ser. Fruktkropparna, de som kan hamna i svampkorgen, är Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition is an environmental problem that can affect plants and microorganisms, which are vital for the terrestrial N and carbon (C) cycles. This thesis has investigated the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) to increased N deposition. Ectomycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic interactions with the roots of woody plants, including almost all boreal and temperate forests
One of the cleanest ways of transporting goods is at sea. However, the emissions from ships increase and with a wider knowledge about the environmental consequences caused by the emissions, requisite regulations are needed. This thesis deals with air emissions of sulphate (SOx) - and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These emissions cause negative environmental effects both by direct pollution and by forming
In the Swedish winter snow removal and de-icing is an important part of the operations and maintenance work on Sweden´s roads. They are short term but necessary measures for accessibility and safety during the winter months. The snow plows used are one in front, one on the right side of the vehicle and sometimes one under the vehicle. On highways and 2+1-ways a wider side plow is used to make a mo
This Master Thesis covers the concept of Green Cars. The background to the research area is the high and rapidly growing number of cars, which together with other factors ad to the pollution of the environment. Under the Kyoto agreement the signing members agreed to lower the emissions of green house gases, further on the EU has a 3-pillar strategy on carbon dioxide and cars. Included in the EU st
Problem discussion: Long-term supplier relationships have become more common. Hence, supplier evaluation is a critical activity for many companies. However, making a relevant supplier evaluation is time consuming. Therefore, it is important to decide which of the suppliers to put an extra effort on. Should all suppliers be evaluated in the same way? Previous, focus has been on purchasing of direct
Issue: To create a supporting IT-tool for project management in an integrated product development process at global companies is a complicated task. The IT-tool must be embedded in the organisation, managing the information flow in a correct way, support the product development framework, be accepted and commonly used in the whole company. These aspects must be fulfilled if an IT-tool for project
Aim: To investigate the problem of IT-users and IT-developers and their different abilities to use IT and communicate by means of IT, caused by differences in the background of the two categories, their knowledge and experience. Also to investigate what this problem may lead to when developing IT-related services and products. Method/material: Ten semi-structured interviews of about ten hours all
