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The protonation status of key residues and bound ligands are often important for the function of a protein. Unfortunately, protons are not discerned in normal protein crystal structures, so their positions have to be determined by more indirect methods. We show that the recently developed quantum refinement method can be used to determine the position of protons in crystal structures. By replacing
Combustion processes serve as important sources of energy for both power generation and for transport, ranging from large scale power stations to micro turbines and aeroplane engines. Lean premixed combustion offers a potential to reduce the emission levels, but suffers from instability problems which can be overcome by the use of active control. This thesis addresses the problem of actively contr
DNA ploidy has been shown to be a predictive parameter for prognosis in various solid tumours. The prognostic value of DNA-ploidy in gastric cancers is still a matter of controversy. A possible explanation for the discrepant results reported in the literature could be sampling error in tumours with multiple stemlines differing in DNA-ploidy. In order to determine whether or not such heterogeneity
Anaerobic digestion would enable the energy potential of agricultural crop residues such as sugar beet tops and straw to be harnessed. Sweden is so spread out that full utilisation of this potential by centralised slurry-based technology is difficult. It appears that simple but effective high-solids reactor systems have a better chance of being economically viable on a farm-scale level (50500 kW).
This study was undertaken to define the role of ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the diagnosis and preoperative staging of cervico-thoracic lymphangiomas in children. In a retrospective study, 11 patients with surgically and pathologically proved lymphangiomas had MR imaging and 6 of them underwent simultaneous US. US showed superficial hypoechogenic multioccular cystic masse
Heat transfer losses are one of the largest loss contributions in a modern internal combustion engine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of the piston bowl type and swirl ratio to heat losses and performance. A commercial CFD tool is used to carry out simulations of four different piston bowl geometries, at three engine loads with two different swirl ratios at each load point.
In many organizations, the Chief Information Officer is considered to preside over a separate function, providing a service to the business. Discussions about governance are confined to properties of this service, e.g. through a service level agreement. Members of the CIO’s staff are often seen as technical experts possessing esoteric skills desired but not understood by other staff. Many research
The article deals with stabilisation and regeneration of CeO2 and CeO2/ZrO2 based Pt water gas shift catalysts, subject to high initial deactivation. The reaction gas species effect on the catalyst deactivation was investigated by H2-TPR. Activity measurements enabled the effect of different promoters, some added to the CeO2 based catalysts and some to the CeO2/ZrO2 based Pt catalysts, to be inves
Many popular direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimators rely on the fact that the array response vector of the array is Vandermonde, for example, that of a uniform linear array (ULA). Array interpolation is a preprocessing technique to transform the array response vector of a planar array of arbitrary geometry to that of a ULA over an angular sector. While good approximation within the target sector is
Due to the nature of the engine cycle, heat transfer has a significant role in the estimation of engine efficiency. The effects are quite well known in the classic combustion concepts, compression ignition (CI) and spark ignition (SI) combustion. But for the newer, low temperature combustion (LTC) concepts, these effects are not that well known. In this paper, a commercial computational fluid dyna
We describe JastAdd, a Java-based system for specifying and implementing the parts of compiler front ends that follow parsing. The system is built on top of a traditional Java parser generator which is used for parsing and tree building. JastAdd adds facilities for specifying and generating object-oriented abstract syntax trees with both declarative behavior (using Reference Attributed Grammars (R
This paper presents a voltage-source-converter (VSC)-FfVDC-supplied industrial system with onsite generation where the VSC-HVDC and generator are taking part in the voltage and frequency control. The reason for using a frequency controller in the converter is to increase the ridethrough capability of the VSC-HVDC-supplied industrial system by exploiting the inertia energy of rotating masses in cas
Different methods for treatment of leachate from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill were tested in a pilot plant. Raw leachate was pre-treated with aeration and sedimentation, followed by several parallel individual steps such as bioremediation, chemical oxidation, ozonation, and geo-bed filters. The efficiency of different treatment steps was evaluated according to one previously developed pr
n order to make attribute grammars useful for complicated analysis tasks, a number of extensions to the original Knuth formalism have been suggested. One such extension is the collection attribute mechanism, which allows the value of an attribute to be defined as a combination of contributions from distant nodes in the abstract syntax tree. Another extension that has proven useful is circular attr
Core excitation from terminal oxygen O-T in O-3 is shown to be an excitation from a localized core orbital to a localized valence orbital. The valence orbital is localized to one of the two equivalent chemical bonds. We experimentally demonstrate this with the Auger-Doppler effect which is observable when O-3 is core excited to the highly dissociative O(T)1S(-)17a(1)(1) state. Auger electrons emit
This article is based on a keynote presentation at the 12th Nordic Congress in General Practice in Trondheim, Norway in September 2002. The aim was to demonstrate the strengths and limitations of evidence-based medicine (EBM) in a primary healthcare setting. The presentation comprised two separate lectures discussing an authentic case history from everyday practice that had been presented to the a
