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Syftet med offentlig upphandling är att tillvarata konkurrensen på marknaden och på så sätt öka effektiviteten i de offentliga utgifterna. Den offentliga upphandlingen omsätter mellan 550-600 miljarder kronor per år. Med denna omsättning utgör upphandling en betydande del av Sveriges BNP och har en direkt påverkan på vårt lands ekonomi. För att offentlig upphandling ska få fullt genomslag krävs doThe purpose with a public procurement is to capture the competion on the market and with that increase the effeciency of the public spending. The public procurement turnover is between 550-600 billion SEK per year. With this turnover the procurement makes a significant part of Swedens GNP and has a direct impact on our countries economy. How ever, for a public procurement to have full effect it ne

The general view of learning has dramatically changed during the last two decades. Today we talk about learning for life and educate to meet the demands of the information society. This new view forces us to constantly relearn and develop new knowledge ? something which has resulted in large restructuring within the upper secondary school. New forms of teaching, where the pupils are given the oppo

Seven or eight thousand years ago, as the farthest the human memory can reach, the Egyptians established a great civilization that was considered as the origin of civilization on the Earth. There is no place in Egypt where man cannot find evidence that enlighten this civilization and tell about Egypt's role in most of the world's historic events from the beginning of mankind until the pres

In the early years of EC merger control, the Commission generally concluded that conglomerate mergers would not cause competitive harm. In recent years, however, the Commission has increasingly developed theories of competitive harm which are applicable to mergers which lack appreciable horizontal and vertical effects. The leveraging theory is typically applied in conglomerate mergers, where the m

Penningtvätt har länge varit ett uppmärksammat problem, men inte förrän på senare år, särskilt efter den 11 september 2001 och terroristattackerna i USA har stora krafttag gjort att bekämpningen av problemet kommit igång. Bekämpningen och förhindrandet av penningtvätt och finansiering av terrorism är även viktigt utifrån ett större perspektiv. Om man kan strypa finanserna för kriminell verksamhet,Money laundering has for a long time been an acknowledged problem, now more than ever. Especially after 9/11 2001 and the terrorist attacks in the USA, joint efforts have made combating the problem a serious matter. Combating and prevention of money laundering and terrorism financing is also important from a larger perspective. If you can close off finances of criminal activity, you are one step c

Eukaryotic cells employ the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery in the cytosol to downregulate gene expression. Short 21-nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs) associate with the so-called RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) and hybridize with the target gene’s mRNA, preventing it from being translated into protein. Employing the RNAi machinery with synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that mimics the

Distribution is a part of the supply chain and refers to the steps taken to move and store a product from the supplier stage to the customer stage in the supply chain. Direct shipment is a concept within distribution and refers to shipping direct between a supplier and a retailer or customer. Distribution is considered a key driver for overall profitability of a company since it directly affects b

Principen att förorenaren betalar är en central miljörättslig princip som innebär att den som orsakat en förorening eller miljöskada ska vara ekonomiskt ansvarig för att denna återställs eller saneras. Principen är emellertid svår att tillämpa i praktiken. Den största svårigheten vid tillämpningen har varit hur ”förorenaren” och ” förorening” ska identifieras och definieras eftersom gemenskapslagsThe polluter-pays principle is an environmental legal principle of utmost importance. It means that the person responsible for environmental damage or pollution should be the one financially responsible for restoring it. The principle is however, difficult to carry out in practice. The biggest difficulty has been to identify and define the “polluter” and the “pollution”. One of the reasons for thi

This thesis explores the growing interest in sustainability in the cosmetic industry, particularly focusing on the rise of natural cosmetic products. The study adopts an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, incorporating quantitative analysis of patent data from the European Patent Office between 2000 and 2022, as well as qualitative insights from expert interviews. The findings indicate a

Avkastningsbaserad gräsrotsfinansiering är en kapitalanskaffningsmetod där små- och nystartade privata aktiebolag via en internetbaserad plattform tar in kapital från många mindre investerare, som i gengäld förvärvar aktier i bolaget. Gräsrotsfinansiering är en effektiv metod, men efter genomförd finansiering är det lilla privata aktiebolaget oftast behäftat med en stor aktieägarkrets, någon som k

Image quality is in essence based on subjective experience, and the involvement of human subjects is therefore necessary in one way or the other in order to make reliable assessments of it. This topic is of interest for Axis Communications AB -- the market leader in surveillance cameras. In this thesis, the softcopy quality ruler method described in ISO 20462 is evaluated through a study of one s

In this thesis, the focus lies on the determinants of changes in credit ratings. Multiple regression is used to study the relation between credit ratings and a quantity of selected economic variables. The study is restricted to the US market and the ratings have been assigned by Moody’s during the period 1999-2008. In line with previous studies, the short-term interest rate and corporate profits a

Computing smoothing distributions, the distributions of one or more states conditional on past, present, and future observations is a recurring problem when operating on general hidden Markov models. The aim of this paper is to provide a foundation of particle-based approximation of such distributions and to analyze, in a common unifying framework, different schemes producing such approximations.

Quantum transport of strongly correlated fermions is of central interest in condensed matter physics. While the stationary expansion dynamics have recently been measured with cold atoms in 2D optical lattices, ab initio simulations have been limited to 1D setups so far. Here, we present the first precise fermionic quantum dynamics simulations for 2D and 3D. The simulations are based on nonequilibr

Popular Abstract in Swedish För firande av mässa i den katolska kyrkan krävs ett altare av sten. Altaret ska invigas av en biskop enligt en viss ritual. Ett viktigt element i altarinvigningsritualen är placeringen av reliker i altarets inre. Före reformationen på 1500-talet gällde denna regel även i Norden. Trots altarnas centrala betydelse i den medeltida nordiska kyrkan har de ägnats liten uppmäThis dissertation deals with the subject of altars in the churches of the medieval diocese of Lund. The main work on altars in the Catholic church is Joseph Braun´s Der christliche Altar in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung (1924). However, despite its extensive content it does not deal with the conditions in Northern Europe. The general aim of this dissertation is to broaden our knowledge about

Interstitial laser thermotherapy (ILT) is an attractive form of local therapy against cancer because of its anti-tumor immune activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate ILT in breast cancer with respect to technique, changes in tissue immunocompetent cells and effect on prognosis. The method is dependent on accurate assessment of the tumor, and another aim was therefore to evaluate if MRI is b

In 2007, the European Commission (EC) commissioned a group of experts to undertake the revision of Report Radiation Protection (RP) 91, written in 1997, on oCriteria for acceptability of radiological (including radiotherapy) and nuclear medicine installations'. The revised draft report was submitted to the EC. Before publication, the EC issued this document for public consultation and has commissi