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The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by microbes is mediated by pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLR). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide acts via TLR4 whereas peptidoglycan and lipoprotein responses are mediated by TLR2. It is generally accepted that TLR binding to microbes occurs at the cell surface but this has not been directly demonstrated for human DCs. We show h
In 1996, two searchable databases covering insect pathogens were posted on the World Wide Web: the Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens (EDWIP) and the Viral Diseases of Insects in the Literature database (VIDIL). In this paper, we describe the format and contents of EDWIP and VIDIL on the World Wide Web. EDWIP contains over 9400 pathogen-host association records, 677 negative test
We use randomness to exploit the potential sparsity of the Boolean matrix product in order to speed up the computation of the product. Our new fast output-sensitive algorithm for Boolean matrix product and its witnesses is randomized and provides the Boolean product and its witnesses almost certainly. Its worst-case time performance is expressed in terms of the input size and the number of non-zer
In animal ethics animal capacity to suffer and experience is a selfevident point of departure when elaborating theories for respecting animals. Less often the practical consequences of "respecting an animal" is discussed in these theories, still they want to influence our behavior towards the animals. So, in order to know what is respectful, we need to connect scientific knowledge about an animal
Software inspections are an efficient method to detect faults in software artefacts. In order to estimate the fault content remaining after inspections, a method called capture-recapture has been introduced. Most research published in fault content estimations for software inspections has focused upon point estimations. However, confidence intervals provide more information of the estimation resul
In order to simplify computational methods based on dynamic programming, a relaxed procedure based on upper and lower bounds of the optimal cost was recently introduced. The convergence properties of this procedure are analysed here. In particular, it is shown that the computational effort in finding an approximately optimal control law by relaxed value iteration is related to the polynomial degre
Hydrogen embrittlement is often a catastrophic phenomenon of machine elements failure under cyclic stresses. This hydrogen is generated as a result of tribo-chemical and mechanical actions on the working surfaces. This hydrogen can have three different zones or stages of behaviour under tribo-mechanical actions. Firstly, it can strongly adsorb on the mating surfaces at a shallow subsurface zone an
The number of electrically driven loads in a modern vehicle is constantly increasing. Many loads that former were mechanically driven will in the future be driven by electricity. This implies that a number of electronic systems have to be packed together in the limited space in a vehicle. When different electronic systems are placed close to each other, there is always a risk for electromagnetic i
With the growing popularity of audio and video communication services on the Internet, network operators, service providers and application developers are becoming increasingly interested in assuring that their services give the best possible experience to the users. Since real-time audio and video services are very sensitive to packet loss, latency and bandwidth variations, the performance of the
With its unprecedented light-collecting area for night-sky observations, the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) holds great potential for also optical stellar astronomy, in particular as a multi-element intensity interferometer for realizing imaging with sub-milliarcsecond angular resolution. Such an order-of-magnitude increase of the spatial resolution achieved in optical astronomy will reveal the s
In this study, characterization of the binding kinetics and optimization of a magnetic permeability based point-of-care (POC) immunoassay system for quantification of canine C-reactive protein (cCRP) is described. The reagent is based on a two-site heterogeneous immunoassay system utilizing conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPION) and silica particles, both particles carrying covalently
Migraine is the most prevalent of the neurological disorders and can affect the patient throughout the lifetime. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is now 2 decades since it was proposed to be involved in migraine pathophysiology. The cranial sensory system contains C-fibers storing CGRP and trigeminal nerve
I studier av resenärernas, och potentiella resenärers, preferenser är den geografiska skalan en intressant parameter: lokalt, regionalt, interregionalt. Det finns emellertid ingen tydlig bild av gränsdragningarna däremellan. Ett antal möjliga definitioner har identifierats i litteraturen, men dessa definitioner är tämligen vaga och använder dessutom olika typer av indikatorer. I syfte att reda ut When exploring preferences of existing and potential public transport passengers, it isrelevant to acknowledge differences between different geographic scales: local, regionaland interregional. However, the boundaries between these categories remain unclear.Some previous attempts have been made to define regional travel – and hence local andinterregional travel – but the resulting definitions are
The aim of the paper is to discuss some of the basic elements of the legal system in EC law in comparison with the EEA Agreement. The conclusions will have special reference to Icelandic law. The reason for this approach is that the EEA Agreement is closely linked with EC law. Therefore it is necessary to begin approaching the basic rules within the EC in order to better understand the EEA system
In January 2014 a reformed CFP came into force in the EU. The reformed policy tackled many of the policy field’s troubled areas and offered realistic solutions for elements of the policy which had been criticised for years by academics, stakeholders and even EU institutions. The purpose of this thesis is to explain how the reformed policy came about and in doing so it adopts a case study design wh
The calculation of absorbed dose from internally incorporated radionuclides is based on the so-called specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) which represent the fraction of energy emitted in a given source region that is absorbed per unit mass in a specific target organ. Until recently, photon SAFs were calculated using MIRD-type mathematical phantoms. For electrons, the energy released was assumed to
Background: Some patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) cannot be treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and will therefore not receive effective thromboprophylaxis. The primary objective of the present Phase II trial (NCT00623779) was to assess the feasibility of conducting a study with a novel oral anticoagulant, the direct thrombin inhibitor AZD0837, in patients with AF unable or unwilling t
The aim of the study is to investigate the motives behind emerging economies' military spending. More specifically, answering the question: Why do emerging economies increase their military spending? It does so by analyzing the BRIC countries (Brazil, India, Russia, and China).Drawing from earlier study, it firstly develops an analytical framework consists of three hypotheses, then applies the
For a long time the attention given to the hip fracture patient group was minor and without any certain consideration to their frailty. To improve the care for these patients Skane University Hospital in Lund has during the past 19 years worked actively with developing the care. This paper aims to describe what impact the care process development has had on functional outcome and mortality, as wel
