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Gällande entreprenadarbeten torde det vara vanligt förekommande att beställaren påtalar fel som denne vill att entreprenören ska avhjälpa. För att en part ska kunna aktualisera en påföljd vid påstått kontraktsbrott krävs enligt branschavtalet AB 04, precis som enligt allmän förmögenhetsrätt i övrigt, att en reklamation företas. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att undersöka hur beställarens påkallanWhen it comes to contract work in the construction sector it is common that the client points out faults that he wants the contractor to rectify. For a party to be able to enforce a sanction in the event of an alleged breach of contract, the branch regulation AB 04 prescribes, just as according to general property law, that a complaint is made. The purpose of the thesis is therefore to investigate

As the threat from the climate crisis becomes ever more apparent and shows few signs of stopping alternative development models become interesting. Driven by an interest of examining such alternative solutions, this paper studies degrowth due to it being a challenging alternative to currently applied growth-based models of development that see progress as linked to economic growth. This paper exam

Brottet grov kvinnofridskränkning straffbelägger mäns systematiska kränkningar av närstående kvinnor. Som skäl för införandet av brottet anfördes att mäns våld mot kvinnor har sin grund i strukturer i samhället som innebär att kvinnan anses vara underordnad mannen. Genom att införa brottet grov kvinnofridskränkning skulle systematiska kränkningar av en närstående kvinna bestraffas strängare, vilkeGross violation of a woman’s integrity is a crime which penalizes a series of criminal acts committed by a man against a woman whom he is, or has been, married to or with whom he is or has been cohabiting under circumstances comparable to marriage. The purpose of the introduction of this criminal act was to upgrade the penal value of such acts and to take into account the woman’s entire situation

Concerns are growing within the field of development as global democracy rates decline. As a solution to how to rebuild democratic systems is currently unclear, this thesis looks at the case of Colombia and the national protests (colloquially referred to as El Paro) that began in April 2021. The nation, suffering from increasing political polarisation, rising poverty rates and crippling structural

I Sverige har ungefär vart tionde barn någon gång blivit utsatt för att bevittna våld mellan sina föräldrar. Våld i nära relationer och barns bevittnande av familjevåld utgör således ett samhällsproblem. Den 1 juli 2021 infördes en ny straffbestämmelse om barnfridsbrott i 4 kap. 3 § BrB. Barnfridsbrottet innebär att det numera är straffbart att utsätta ett barn för att bevittna våld eller andra övIn Sweden, approximately one in ten children has at some point been exposed to witnessing violence between their parents. Domestic violence and children´s witnessing of such can thus be said to constitute a social problem. On July 1, 2021, a new penalty provision of violation of a child´s integrity was introduced into Chapter 4. Section 3. Of the Swedish Criminal Code. The crime means that it is n

Inom den svenska straffrätten uppfattas traditionellt individen som autonom, fri och rationell. Enligt den amerikanska professorn Martha Albertson Fineman bör däremot individen i grunden betraktas som sårbar. Ett område inom svensk straffrätt där frågor om sårbarhet och autonomi ställs på sin spets är sexuellt utnyttjande av beroendeställning. Området var tidigare reglerat som sexuellt utnyttjandWithin Swedish criminal law, the individual is traditionally understood as autonomous, free and rational. However, according to American Professor Martha Albertson Fineman, the individual should be seen as fundamentally vulnerable. A legal area within the Swedish criminal law where questions about vulnerability and autonomy come to a head is sexual exploitation of a position of dependence. This

Synen på alkoholmissbruk har skiftat genom tiderna. Till en början sågs missbruket som en samhällsfara där lösningen var att isolera individen från övriga samhället. Detta synsätt skiljer sig från det nuvarande där det finns ett samhällsintresse för en arbetstagare som lider av alkoholmissbruk för att denne ska få tidiga stödinsatser och förhoppningsvis med hjälp av dessa åtgärder kvarbli i arbetsThe perception of alcohol abuse has evolved over time. Initially, abuse was seen as a societal threat, with the solution being to isolate the individual from the rest of society. This perspective differs from the current approach, where there is a societal interest in supporting an employee suffering from alcohol abuse through early interventions, The aim is to support the employee to remain in th

The need to estimate indoor temperatures, heating or cooling load and energy requirements for buildings arises in many stages of a buildings life cycle, e.g. at the early layout stage, during the design of a building and for energy retrofitting planning. Other purposes are to meat the authorities requirements given in building codes. All these situations require good calculation methods. The main

The pancreases of approximately 50 days old diabetes-prone BB/Hagedorn (BB/H) and of the genetically closely related, but non-diabetic BB w-subline (control BB) rats were perfused to determine the capacity of D-glucose to release insulin before the expected development of diabetes. The BB/H rats were from a colony with 82-84% incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) by 140 days of a

Using Monte Carlo simulation of 99Tcm single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT), we investigate the effects of tissue-background activity, tumour location, patient size, uncertainty of energy windows, and definition of tumour region on the accuracy of quantification. The dual-energy-window method of correction for Compton scattering is employed and the multiplier which yields correct acti

Change Impact Analysis (CIA) during software evolution of safety-critical systems is a labor-intensive task. Several authors have proposed tool support for CIA, but very few tools were evaluated in industry. We present a case study on ImpRec, a recommendation System for Software Engineering (RSSE), tailored for CIA at a process automation company. ImpRec builds on assisted tracing, using informati

Background. Multiple studies have demonstrated that partitioning of molecular datasets is important in model-based phylogenetic analyses. Commonly, partitioning is done a priori based on some known properties of sequence evolution, e.g. differences in rate of evolution among codon positions of a protein-coding gene. Here we propose a new method for data partitioning based on relative evolutionary

MicroRNAs (miRNA) play an important role in various biological process by regulating gene expression. Their abnormal expression may lead to cancer. Therefore, analysis of such data may discover potential biological insight for cancer diagnosis. In this regard, recently many feature selection methods have been developed to identify such miRNAs. These methods have their own merits and demerits as th

This article provides a step-by-step guideline for measuring and analyzing visual attention in 3D virtual reality (VR) environments based on eye-tracking data. We propose a solution to the challenges of obtaining relevant eye-tracking information in a dynamic 3D virtual environment and calculating interpretable indicators of learning and social behavior. With a method called "gaze-ray casting," we

An external device ("the Rottometer") was especially designed to measure passive knee rotation in vivo. The device had earlier been evaluated with respect to it's validity and reliability. In the present study, we evaluated knee rotation in knee-healthy individuals and studied possible age and gender related differences. Measurements of total internal-external rotation were made at 90°, 60°, and 3

A hierarchical multi-scale model that couples a region of material described by discrete dislocation plasticity to a surrounding region described by conventional crystal plasticity is presented. The coupled model is aimed at capturing non-classical plasticity effects such as the long-range stresses associated with a density of geometrically necessary dislocations and source limited plasticity, whi

All ten LIGO/Virgo binary black hole (BH-BH) coalescences reported following the O1/O2 runs have near-zero effective spins. There are only three potential explanations for this. If the BH spin magnitudes are large, then: (i) either both BH spin vectors must be nearly in the orbital plane or (ii) the spin angular momenta of the BHs must be oppositely directed and similar in magnitude. Then there is

I juni 2025 presenterades statens offentliga utredning SOU 2025:66 En straffreform, som innehåller omfattande förslag till förändringar av det svenska påföljdssystemet. Ett av förslagets uttalade mål är att hela straffskalornas spännvidd ska komma till större användning. Detta ska realiseras genom ändringar av den allmänna bestämmelsen om straffvärdebedömning i 29 kap. 1 § brottsbalken. Förslaget In June 2025 the Swedish government presented SOU 2025:66, a report containing extensive proposals for changes to the Swedish system of criminal sanctions. One of the goals of the proposal is to increase the use of the full range of penalty scales. This is to be achieved through amendments to the general provision on the assessment of penal value in Chapter 29, Section 1 of the Swedish Penal Code.