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The catalyst layer (CL) in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells is one of the key components regulating the overall performance of the cell. In PEM fuel cells, there are two CLs having identical composition for hydrogen oxidation (HO) and oxygen reduction (OR) reactions. There are four phases inside the CL, namely: carbon, Pt particles, ionomer and voids. In this work, a micro-model of th

This paper is concerned with two approaches to designing spaces for knowledge work. The central concern of the first approach is with the use of fictional descriptions of the workplace, in order to stimulate creative thought about new workspaces. The second approach draws on the emerging potential of three dimensional virtual reality as a tool to develop shared visions and to stimulate creativity.

Design science research involves creating and evaluating innovative methods and approaches to be used in design practice. We present an approach to be used in the process of designing Management Support Systems (MSS). The nature of managerial work makes the design, development, and implementation of MSS a major challenge. The MSS literature suggests that determining MSS requirements and specificat

Differences in national legislations can affect the international competitiveness of an industry. For example, stringent EU regulations on animal welfare and environmental protection are often said to be a cost disadvantage for EU producers competing on the global market. However, in recent years, powerful retailers and food processors have started to impose requirements on downstream producers th

High-speed laser diagnostics was utilized for single-cycle resolved studies of the fuel distribution in the combustion chamber of a truck-size HCCI engine. A multi-YAG laser system consisting of four individual Nd:YAG lasers was used for planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of the fuel distribution. The fundamental beam from the lasers at 1064 nm was frequency quadrupled in order to ob

The Modelica language, targeted at modeling of complex physical systems, has gained increased attention during the last decade. Modelica is about to establish itself as a de facto standard in the modeling community with strong support both within academia and industry. While there are several tools, both commercial and free, supporting simulation of Modelica models few efforts have been made in th

In the drying section of a paper machine, steam heated cylinders are used to control the moisture of the produced paper. In previous work it has been shown that the dynamics from the steam valve to the steam pressure in the cylinder can be described by a linear second order black box process model. In this paper an equivalent model based on first principles is presented. The foundation of this mod