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Background: Selection pressure exerted by pathogens can influence patterns of genetic diversity in the host. In the immune system especially, numerous genes encode proteins involved in antagonistic interactions with pathogens, paving the way for coevolution that results in increased genetic diversity as a consequence of balancing selection. The complement system is a key component of innate immuni

The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether tort liability claims against public authorities for breaches of the ECHR can be defined as a constitutional right in Swedish law. The theoretical definition of what constitutes a constitutional right is constructed through elements of Robert Alexy’s A Theory of Constitutional Rights. The theory is applied on the current applicable law regarding the

The main objective in this project is to study the seed dispersal and seed predation for the tree Pycnanthus angolensis in the Nigerian rainforest, and to evaluate the impacts of bushmeat hunting. One of the problems with bushmeat hunting is that it can disrupt the dispersal dynamics of forest trees. Bushmeat hunting is a widespread problem in the whole of Africa. The meat of wild forest animals a

Recently, a high degree of political polarization has been identified within the body of civil society organizations corresponding to the socio-political climate in Turkey. From this viewpoint, this thesis characterizes, presents and analyzes the societal roles of women`s organizations in the transition process. The study consists of six principal chapters, each of them dealing with intertwined an

Phantoms mimicking the specific mechanical and acoustic properties of human tissues are essential in the development and evaluation of novel ultrasound methods. In this work, various ultrasound phantoms are proposed to be used in the development of ultrasound methods to investigate the arterial walls longitudinal movements influence on the vasa vasorum circulation. The longitudinal movement of art

In its Advisory Opinion on the Legality of Nuclear Weapons the ICJ was unable to conclude definitely the legality or illegality of nuclear weapons in international law. Since then the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons have been signed, with the aim of establishing a total prohibition on nuclear weapons. However, while the Treaty have an honourable aim, the lack of sufficient ratificatio

Dataskyddsförordningen, GDPR, ämnar att skydda personuppgifter genom att sätta den registrerades intressen är i fokus, samtidigt som lagen specifikt beaktar mikro-företag samt små och medelstora företags, SMEs, särskilda behov. Uppsatsen närmar sig denna problematik från ett perspektiv baserat på grundläggande rättigheter; problemformuleringen är hur mindre företags rättigheter och intressen kan bThe General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR, aims to provide protection of personal data which is centred on the data-subject, while at the same time categorically giving special consideration to the specific needs of micro, small and medium‑sized enterprises, SMEs. The paper approaches this conundrum from a fundamental rights angle, and tries to answer how the rights and interests of smaller bus

Åldersbedömningar av ensamkommande barn är vanligt förekommande i asylprocessen. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka hur åldersbedömningen ska gå till och vilken betydelse utfallet av åldersbedömningen har för frågan om uppehållstillstånd. För att problematisera åldersbedömningen har jag utgått från grundläggande bevisteoretiska och processrättsliga principer, så som bevisbördans placAge assessments of unaccompanied minors are common in asylum procedure. The purpose with this thesis is to examine how such an assessment should be made and how the applicant’s age affects the question of asylum. I am using basic principles in evidence theory and procedural law, such as burden of proof and free evaluation of evidence, to problematize the age assessment. I am also discussing the mo

This paper set out to examines United States growing use of drones in order to counter terrorism. In recent years the amount of drone strikes has increased dramatically primary because of the unique capabilities which allows the state to wage war without the loss of human soldiers. Drones offer a low cost and a low risk solution which has grown very popular within military circles. This paper focu

While various studies have been conducted on the innovative potential suffix of Japanese vowel verbs, commonly known as ranuki kotoba (lit. ra-omission words), few studies exist on the use of the innovative form based on situational context and style of speech. The main purpose of my thesis is to provide an up-to-date quantitative analysis on the situation-based use of ranuki kotoba (referred to a

This thesis addresses the highly topical subject of global income inequality within the developed economies. A constructive analysis approach inspired by Swedish political scientists Bo Rothstein, Lennart Lundquist and Björn Badersten is employed analyze the economics blockbuster Capital in the Twenty-First Century by French economist Thomas Piketty. Empirical, normative and constructive theories

Arbetar samhällsviktiga verksamheter gemensamt för att hantera samhällets sårbarheter? När en händelse såsom då en storm sker, kan de allra flesta se hur sårbart samhället är och hur lätt ett problem hos en verksamhet snabbt sprider sig till andra verksamheter i samhället. Hur arbetar aktörer gemensamt för att hantera detta? Vi är många som har vaknat upp en morgon och sett att vägarna ligger vThe objective of this thesis is to provide answers to how a method can be designed to gain better knowledge of how collaboration looks between different critical societal activities in a preparing and preventive stage related to the management of transboundary risks. The designed method consists of two parts; a technique for data acquisition, and a method for data analysis. In order to evaluate th

As the Arctic will become more available to shipping traffic in the future, given the current trend of diminishing ice sheets continues, the emission of particles and gases originating from ships will increase in the Arctic. The emission of particles and gases can affect the sensitive Arctic environment in many ways, e.g. change albedo by deposition, affect air traffic, harm livestock and humans e

One of the most debated political events during 2016 was the referendum regarding the United Kingdom’s future in the European Union. Despite the many warnings received from economists the UK voters voted for ‘leave’, paving the way for Brexit. This thesis reviews some possible alternatives regarding the UK-EU relationship post Brexit and concludes that the economically best case scenario would be

This thesis has examined if there is any difference in the relationship between different risk factors and the cross-section of assets excess returns on the Swedish stock market between days when macroeconomic news is scheduled to be announced (announcement days) and other days (normal days). The Fama and Macbeth two-pass regression method have been used for investigating the hypothesis that annou

This study aims to investigate whether chance can beat an actively managed equity fund during a ten-year period on the Swedish stock market. Since the stock market consists of fierce competition among investors, the EMH would suggest that stock price movements should not be far from reflecting all available information. Due to the highly unexpected nature of new information, such as news, price fl

Both research and theoretical approaches try to understand the EU’s motives for their external actions. Some argue the EU is a normative power, using their financial sanctions upon the human right principles, while others claim that the EU is governed by security interests, and where financial sanctions are used to control other states. The purpose of the thesis is to examine whether the EU’s fina