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Denna uppsats utreder konkurrensrättens relation till läkemedelspatent och den eviga dragkampen mellan original- och generikatillverkare. Läkemedelssektorn är ett område där starka intressen och ekonomiska krafter styr. Patentet är centralt och nödvändigt för att privata parter ska få incitament till forskning och utveckling. Samtidigt är det nödvändigt att originalläkemedel efter en viss tids eThis thesis investigates the competition rules’ relationship to pharmaceutical patents and describes the tug-of-war between originators and generics. The pharmaceutical sector is governed by strong interests and economic forces. The patent is key and necessary for the creation of incentives for private actors to pursue in research and development. At the same time it is essential that patent pro

När beslut skall fattas rörande barn förekommer det situationer där flera olika lagstiftningar skall bedömas. När vårdåtgärder på barn aktualiseras skall hälso- och sjukvårdens lagstiftning parallellt tillämpas med föräldrabalkens bestämmelser om vårdnadshavarens ansvar och barnets växande autonomi. Grundlagen och hälso- och sjukvårdslagen ställer upp krav på att ett samtycke skall föreligga för aWhen considering measures to children, there are situations where several different acts of legislation must be assessed. When care measures in children being addressed the health care legislation applies in parallel with parental code provisions of the guardian's responsibility and the child's growing autonomy. The Constitution and Health Act sets out a requirement that a consent must be

In Sweden as well as in The Netherlands energy policy is increasingly aiming at extending the use of renewable sources. In accordance with the targets of the European Union, both countries have formulated national targets for the year 2020. For wind energy these targets are 30.0 TWh of electricity in Sweden and a total installed capacity of 10.0 GW in The Netherlands. Wind is an inflexible, variab

Aim: This population-based study assessed the incidence of rickets in infants up to age of one born in Sweden from 1997 to 2014. We also examined maternal and perinatal factors and co-morbidity. Methods: We used Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare registers and data from Statistics Sweden. The outcome measure was an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, code for ricket

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: För att öka tillgången på mat och att generera arbeten och inkomster är det angeläget för utvecklingsländer att öka produktionen inom jordbruket. En förutsättning för detta är att eliminera produktionshinder genom att dels förbättra jordbruksmetoder, dels identifiera olika områden som är lämpliga för olika typer av jordbruk. Denna Minor Field Study (MFS) är utföThe importance of less developed countries to increase the agricultural production, in order to improve food supplies and generate employment and income, requires the removal of resources constraints by improving agricultural practices and identifying land suitable for different agricultural activities. This Minor Field Study (MFS) is made within the present Sida/SAREC-financed research project “R

Strategic alliances can be defined as contractual co-operations between two legally independent companies operating on the same horizontal level of the market and whose purpose is to strengthen the competitiveness of the undertakings concerned through the achievement of strategic competitive advantages. Having its origin in theories of business management, the term has over the last decade become

In the present thesis the development and application of a novel laser diagnostic system for high speed spectroscopic imaging of turbulent combustion phenomena is presented. The system is capable of recording sequences of up to 8 images with a separation between consecutive images as short as microseconds. The system allows a number of established laser diagnostic techniques to be used, extending

Object. Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) leads to reduced blood flow in the brain. Inspired by organ culture-induced changes in the receptor phenotype of cerebral arteries, the authors investigated possible changes in the 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT) receptor phenotype after experimental SAH. Methods. Experimental SAH was induced in rats by using an autologous prechiasmatic i

Objectives To assess the impact of extra-articular spondyloarthritis (SpA) manifestations (anterior uveitis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)), and of comorbidities, on tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (TNFi) drug retention in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods We identified all bio-naïve patients with AS starting a first ever TNFi July 2006 to December 2015 from the Swedish

OBJECTIVES: To increase the credibility of retrospective exposure assessments. documentation of the procedures and presentation of measures on quality control is recommended. The aim of this study was to present and evaluate the procedures used in a case-control study on leukaemia. METHODS: A series of 1,087 cases and matched controls were interviewed. Exposure assessments were performed for 13 oc

Objective To evaluate current evidence on the efficacy and safety of topical and systemic medications in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (SjS) to inform European League Against Rheumatism treatment recommendations. Methods The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for case-control/prospective cohort studies, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. Results

There are many rare movement disorders, and new ones are described every year. Because they are not well recognized, they often go undiagnosed for long periods of time. However, early diagnosis is becoming increasingly important. Rapid advances in our understanding of the biological mechanisms responsible for many rare disorders have enabled the development of specific treatments for some of them.

The aim of this paper is to present a proposal for a national building standard in Sweden. We define requirements for the proposed standard, e.g., it should support development of 3D city models, connect to building information models (BIM) and national registers and be based on a national classification system for the urban environment. Based on these requirements we develop an Application Domain

This dissertation presents the design and implementation of a new block diagram programming language, Bloqqi, for building control systems with focus on variability. The language has been developed in collaboration with industry with the goal of reducing engineering time and improving reuse of functionality.When building a control system for a plant, there are typically different variants of the s

This dissertation deals with the effects of nuclear structure on the α-decay properties, and on the fission-yielddistributions from the decay of heavy nuclei. The nuclear-structure and decay properties of superheavynuclei is one of the central topics for investigation. α decay is treated in a microscopic approach employingSkyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov wave functions to describe the formation of a

Objectives The literature on patient safety in psychiatry has not been explored systematically in terms of what interventions are used, how they are used, and what type of (preventable) harm is targeted. The aims of this scoping review are to explore patient safety strategies used in psychiatry and determine how they construct the notion of preventable harm.Method A scoping review of literature on

Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of various solid cancers. However, its efficacy is restricted by severe side effects, especially dose-limiting nephrotoxicity. New platinum-based compounds are designed to overcome this limitation. Previous investigations showed that the platinum(IV)–nitroxyl complex PN149 is highly cytotoxic in various tumor cell lines. In the pre

SwedAD, a Swedish nationwide registry for patients with atopic dermatitis receiving systemic pharmacotherapy, was launched on 1 September 2019. We describe here the establishment of a user-friendly registry to the benefit of patients with atopic dermatitis. By 5 November 2022, 38 clinics had recorded 931 treatment episodes in 850 patients with an approximate national coverage rate of 40%. Characte

Background: Workers in the construction industry are highly exposed to vibration from handheld equipment, which can have negative effects on the nerves and blood vessels in the hands. Employers in this industry often fail to comply with legislation regarding vibration exposure. Aims: To assess carpenters' perceptions of proactive health and safety (H&S) management regarding hand-arm vibration