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A powerful cartel forces customers to pay significantly more for products and eliminates competition since its participants do not need to improve their productivity or the quality of their products. Cartels have historically exercised great influence over the international economy. During the inter-war period cartels were so powerful that economists have estimated that international cartels contr
The issue of possession of the air has been debated over literally thousands of years. The Romans debated the ownership of the air above their cornfields. When man finally could construct aircraft, in this case a balloon, heavier-than-air in the 1780's it did not take long before the first regulation came into force. The issue of state sovereignty had been discussed since the national states s
Popular science summary Ortho Group SEARCH A gene is a unit of heredity of a living species. Genes are transferred from one generation to the next by vertical descent. Two genes are homologous if derived from a common ancestral gene. Homologous genes related by duplication event within the genome are paralogous genes. Copies of the same ancestral gene separated by a speciation event (when a spec
När Europakonventionen inkorporerades som svensk lag betonades starkt att det var lagstiftarens ansvar att se till att kraven enligt konventionen, såsom de uttolkas enligt Europadomstolen, skulle upprätthållas. Ansvaret att upprätthålla konventionens krav låg inte på svenska domstolar. Europakonventionen ska enligt Europadomstolen tolkas dynamiskt och rättigheternas innehåll och omfång kan förändrAt the time when the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) was incorporated in Swedish law much emphasis was made by the legislator on the need to fulfil the requirements in the Convention as the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg interpreted them. The responsibility to fulfil the requirements was first and foremost laid upon the l
Den här uppsatsen är inspirerad av en omtalad dom från Svea Hovrätt som meddelades i februari 2019. Svea Hovrätt beslutade att tilldela en pappa ensam vårdnad om sina barn, trots att han ett par år tidigare dömdes till fängelse för att ha misshandlat dem. Anledningen till vårdnadsöverflyttningen var att mamman gjort sig skyldig till umgängessabotage. Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda umgängessabotaThis paper is inspired by the well-known and disputed judgment from Svea Court of Appeal passed in February of 2019. Svea Court of Appeal decided to assign a father sole custody of his children, despite of having been sentenced to prison a couple of years earlier for assaulting them. The reason behind the change in custody was the mother sabotaging the children’s right to visitation with their fat
The use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to design controllers for safety critical systems is an important research area. On the one hand, RL can function in and adapt to complex and changing environments without requiring a model of the system. On the other hand, in such systems robustness is of high importance, as well as ways to guarantee and certify a level of robustness. This project investigat
Purpose: In this study, we examine the data from Chinese companies to test the relationship between cash flow and investment. While a wide assortment of previous research has examined the relationship between cash flow and investment, they have largely focused on empirical analysis from an US or a Western perspective. But, to date, little attention has been paid to such relationship using empirica
Gängkriminaliteten har under det senaste decenniet ökat i Sverige och hårdare tag har efterfrågats. Tidöavtalet anger att det är av högsta vikt att bekämpa gängkriminaliteten i Sverige och i början på 2023 lämnade regeringen in en proposition till riksdagen som bland annat föreslog straffskärpningar för vissa straffskalor för brottstyper som är vanliga inom kriminella nätverk. Enligt propositionenThe past decade has witnessed a rise in gang-related violence and crime in Sweden, which has caused a debate prompting calls for more stringent measures. In early 2023, the government submitted a proposition to the parliament which included proposals for stricter penalties för certain crime categories commonly associated with criminal networks. According to the proposition, increased penalty scale
Den tekniska utvecklingen innebär att det finns nya sätt att kränka en annan person som inte överensstämmer med de tillvägagångssätt som tidigare avsetts i svensk straffrätt. Förevarande uppsats är en undersökning av straffbara ofredanden på sociala medier. Utredningen görs med utgångspunkt i den kritik som riktats mot svensk lagstiftning. Två bestämmelser som kan aktualiseras när brott begås via Due to the technical development, new ways of violating another person has been created. These ways do not comply with the procedures previously set out in Swedish penal law. This essay is an investigation of criminal offenses carried out on social media. The research is based on the criticism raised towards Swedish legislation. Focus lies on two provisions, molestation and sexual molestation acco
The purpose of this study is to investigate how femvertising, in specific advertising which aims to encourage female empowerment, is perceived by two generations of women and if it affects their attitudes toward an ad. The study is a replication of the previous study Advertising “like a girl”: Toward a better understanding of “femvertising” and its effects presented by Åkestam, Rosengren and Dahlé
The Influence of Intergenics in an Important Environmental Cycle As we step forward into the future there is increasing attention toward our impact on the planet and specifically of late debate, our climate. With the carbon dioxide (CO2) in our atmosphere rising at a quick pace and the ocean’s acidity increasing, largely due to the industrial revolution, what environmental influences will we be l
Ett viktigt syfte inom EU är ökad konkurrens på den Europeiska marknaden och för att målet ska uppnås föreslog den Europeiska Kommissionen ett Direktiv som reglerar uppköpserbjudanden vilket skulle bidra till förenklade förvärv av företag på den gemensamma marknaden. Företagsförvärv innebär huvudsakligen att ett företag köper aktier av ett annat företag vilket även ibland kan leda till övertagandeOne of the main purposes in EU is increased competiveness on the European market and to achieve the goal; the European Commission made a proposal of a Directive on Takeover Bids which would facilitate the takeover activity in EU. Takeover activities essentially signify when a company purchases shares in another company which occasionally also leads to a takeover of the control of the target compan
This thesis examines the independence of the UN treaty bodies, both in its entirety and the autonomy of the individual treaty body members. Since independence is very difficult to measure empirically, this paper uses the theoretical framework of Principal-Trustee theory as a tool by which the independence can be understood. This instrument allows us to examine the independence of the treaty body s
Guidelines for working with stinging insects Working with stinging insects requires adherence to specific safety protocols to ensure researcher welfare. This page provides essential guidelines and procedures for safely conducting such work. Everyone (including students) working with live wasps, bees, bumblebees, or other venomous stinging insects must follow these essential safety guidelines. It i
https://www.biology.lu.se/internal/employment/work-environment/insect-handling/working-live-wasps-bees-or-bumblebees - 2026-07-09
Timo MinssenAssesing the Inventiveness of Big Pharmaceuticals under European & US Patent LawA comparative study with special emphases on DNA & protein-related inventionsDatum för disputation: fredagen den 16 november 2012Fakultetsopponent: professor Are Stenvik, Oslo universitet, NorgeÄmne: civilrättAbstractThe implications and applications of biotechnology continue to be at the centre of public d
https://www.jur.lu.se/forskning/disputationer/disputationer-2012 - 2026-07-09
Reaching out to the world through online courses Since they were introduced some ten years ago, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have brought disruption to the way higher learning and practitioner training is performed. Building on the solid online training experience at the IIIEE, Charlotte Leire and her colleagues have created a MOOC program that has become an educational success, opening up
https://www.iiiee.lu.se/communication/impact-stories/growing-massive-global-audiences - 2026-07-09
Uppsatsen behandlar ansvarsbefriande samtycke och social adekvans vid strypvåld i sexuella situationer. Utgångspunkten är den konflikt som uppstår när individens sexuella självbestämmande ställs mot straffrättens skydd för liv och hälsa i sammanhang där frivillighet och våld sammanfaller. Frågan har aktualiserats genom den ökade rättsliga och samhälleliga uppmärksamheten kring strypvåld och väckerThis thesis examines exculpatory consent and social adequacy in cases involving non-fatal strangulation in sexual contexts. The point of departure is the conflict that arises when an individual’s sexual self-determination is weighed against the protection afforded by criminal law to life and health in situations where voluntariness and violence coincide. The issue has gained increased legal and so
Over the past decade an increasing amount of studies has demonstrated that PEGylation not only precipitates reductions in drug delivery efficiency but also triggers the immune system to produce antibodies, specifically anti-PEG antibodies. The objective of my thesis is to explore alternative surfactants that could viably replace PEG within lipid nanoparticles. Specifically, Polysorbate 80 (P80), a
Vilka värden som betraktas som viktiga i ett samhälle förändras över tid. Det gäller också i straffrätten. I uppsatsen inringas straffrättsliga värden, med ledning i intressen, som utifrån förarbeten och lagtext framstår som centrala. Ett skyddsintresse som fått en mer framskjuten position under den senare delen av nittonhundratalet är personlig integritet. I detta ligger anspråk på autonomi, frihThe values that are considered important in a society change over time. This also applies to criminal law. The paper identifies values, from interests, in criminal law that appear to be central based on the preparatory work and legal text. One protection interest that gained a more prominent position during the latter part of the twentieth century is personal integrity. This includes claims to aut
Allvarlig brottslighet som begås inom kriminella nätverk har ökat drastiskt under senare år. Skjutningar och sprängningar har blivit alltmer förekommande och nu diskuteras även finansierandet av skjutvåldet genom narkotika-, smugglings- och ekonomisk brottslighet i politiska debatter. Hur man ska komma till rätta med problemet, med hänsyn till förbättrade tekniska förutsättningar och tystnadskultuSerious crimes committed within criminal networks have increased drastically in recent years. Shootings and explosions are unusually often occurring in Sweden and now the financing of this deadly violence by drug, smuggling and financial crimes is also discussed in political debates. How to effectively deal with the problem, despite improved technology and a culture of silence in criminal gangs, i
