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Popular science summary Are drugs only drugs for human being? An experiment to see if some of the anthropogenic pharmaceuticals are toxic contaminants for the aquatic environment. All kinds of pharmaceuticals have been using widely and the amount has been increased significantly during the last few decades. Concerns about the occurrence of pharmaceuticals releasing into different matrixes of th
Affärsmetoders patenterbarhet har diskuteras under en lång tid, dock är de exakta kraven för att en affärsmetod ska anses patenterbar och dessas tolkning inte tillräckligt klarlagda, varken i USA eller i Europa. Även om patenterbarheten av affärsmetoder inte har varit en okomplicerad fråga i USA, har både de amerikanska domstolarna och det amerikanska patentkontoret uppvisat en förhållandevis libeThe patentability of business methods has been debated over a long period of time, nevertheless the exact requirements for a business method to be patent eligible and their interpretation remain unclear both in the US and Europe. Although the patent eligibility of business methods has not been an obvious matter in the US, the US courts and the US patent office has chosen to adopt a quite liberal s
This thesis examines the independence of the UN treaty bodies, both in its entirety and the autonomy of the individual treaty body members. Since independence is very difficult to measure empirically, this paper uses the theoretical framework of Principal-Trustee theory as a tool by which the independence can be understood. This instrument allows us to examine the independence of the treaty body s
En arbetsplats kan av olika skäl råka ut för en tillfällig nedgång i behovet av arbetskraft. Ett sätt att bemöta detta har traditionellt varit att tillgripa permitteringar. Permittering kan förekomma vid både tillsvidare- och visstidsanställda, men historiskt sett har det oftast rört sig om timanställda. Permitteringar förekommer i princip enbart på arbetarområdet. Med begreppet permittering menasA workplace can due to various reasons, experience a temporary decline in the demand for labor. One way to address this has traditionally been resorting to layoffs. Layoffs may occur in both permanent and fixed-term employments, but historically it has often been a matter of hourly employees. The term layoff means that an employer has the opportunity to temporary layoff employees, or due to some o
Varumärken utgör stora ekonomiska tillgångar för företag och agerar även bärare av värderingar och associationer. De har fått en allt starkare roll som kommunikativa och kulturella symboler, vilket har medfört att de även används i politiska, satiriska eller konstnärliga sammanhang. När ett varumärke används i syfte att uttrycka exempelvis humor, kritik eller samhällskommentar kan en konflikt uppsTrademarks constitute major economic asset for companies and act as carriers of values and associations. They have gained an increasingly strong role as communicative and cultural symbols, which has led to the use of them in political, satirical or artistic contexts. When a trademark is used for the purpose of expressing, for example, humour, criticism or social commentary, a conflict may arise be
Entreprenadavtal kännetecknas av långvariga projekt med många inblandade parter och möjligheten för beställaren att ändra föremålet för entreprenaden under projektets gång. Förändrade förutsättningar leda till merkostnader där entreprenören kan vilja kräva ersättning. AB 04, ett av de vanligaste standardavtalen, ger entreprenören rätt till ersättning under vissa förhållanden. Men vid störningar i Construction contracts are characterized by long-term projects involving many parties and the possibility for the client to alter the scope of the project during its course. Changed conditions may lead to additional costs, where the contractor may want to seek compensation. AB 04, one of the most common standard agreements, grants the contractor the right to compensation under certain circumstance
Vilka värden som betraktas som viktiga i ett samhälle förändras över tid. Det gäller också i straffrätten. I uppsatsen inringas straffrättsliga värden, med ledning i intressen, som utifrån förarbeten och lagtext framstår som centrala. Ett skyddsintresse som fått en mer framskjuten position under den senare delen av nittonhundratalet är personlig integritet. I detta ligger anspråk på autonomi, frihThe values that are considered important in a society change over time. This also applies to criminal law. The paper identifies values, from interests, in criminal law that appear to be central based on the preparatory work and legal text. One protection interest that gained a more prominent position during the latter part of the twentieth century is personal integrity. This includes claims to aut
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is a group of synthetic organic compounds that has been used in a wide range of products, including fire extinguishing foam which represents the greatest source in Sweden. Their chemical properties make them toxic for humans and most living species, although research is still on-going to determine the specific toxicity of each compound in the family. A la
The Baltic Sea is heavily affected by invasive alien species (IAS). One of them is the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) derived from the Ponto-Caspian Seas and is currently affecting the Baltic Sea coastal ecosystem by altering food webs and competing with native benthic fish. The round goby has become a regular part of the diet in predatory fish such as Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and P
Abstract Title: Ethanol for Scania’s future – A scenario based analysis Authors: Anna Hansson and Julia Persson Tutors: Annette Cerne – Department of Business Administration, Lund University Jonas Holmborn – Head of Advanced Combustion, Engine Development, Scania Lennart Thörnqvist – Department of Energy Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University Problem: Oil-based products are the dominati
Principen om ne bis in idem kommer till uttryck i artikel 4 i Europakonventionens sjunde tilläggsprotokoll och utgör ett förbud för en stat att på nytt lagföra eller straffa en individ i en brottmålsrättegång för ett brott som den tidigare har blivit slutligt frikänd eller dömd för i staten. Ett motsvarande dubbelprövningsförbud finns i artikel 50 i EU:s rättighetsstadga. Det svenska sanktionssystThe principle of ne bis in idem is expressed in article 4 of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights and prohibits a state from trying or punish an individual twice in criminal proceedings for a crime which he has already been finally acquitted or convicted. Article 50 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights contains a corresponding double trial prohibition. The Swedish sanctions
The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the EU’s and CJEU’s approach towards exit taxes by finding guidance on how the exit tax rules shall be made to be considered as compatible with the requirements of EU law. The EU law’s presumption of establishing an internal market without boundaries at the frontiers prohibits national measures which hinder, inter alia, the market access. Therefore, the EU’s
Sveriges regering satte 2011 upp mål om att bli bäst på att utnyttja digitaliseringens möjligheter. Digitaliseringen av bygglovsprocessen har trots det gått långsamt. Bygglovsprocessen idag (2018) är en långsam, dyr och ineffektiv process. Möjligheten att söka bygglov med e-legitimation finns endast hos 30 procent av kommunerna och 60 procent har någon slags e-tjänst ansökan. Ansökningarna innebärThe Swedish government set up a goal in 2011 of making the best use of digitization opportunities. The digitization of the building permit process has, however, been slow. The process of building permits is today (2018) a slow, expensive and inefficient process. The possibilities to apply for building permits with e-credentials is only available in 30 percent of municipalities and 60 percent have
Problem - Skanska Industrial Solutions AB lays asphalt over a wide geographical area, and never in the same place and is also a work that is dependent on the weather. Asphalt is a product with low to no capacity to be stored. These factors contribute to a distribution that has the necessity to follow the JIT-principles. The asphalt production is in of a steady flow of asphalt being transported fro
Den här uppsatsen är inspirerad av en omtalad dom från Svea Hovrätt som meddelades i februari 2019. Svea Hovrätt beslutade att tilldela en pappa ensam vårdnad om sina barn, trots att han ett par år tidigare dömdes till fängelse för att ha misshandlat dem. Anledningen till vårdnadsöverflyttningen var att mamman gjort sig skyldig till umgängessabotage. Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda umgängessabotaThis paper is inspired by the well-known and disputed judgment from Svea Court of Appeal passed in February of 2019. Svea Court of Appeal decided to assign a father sole custody of his children, despite of having been sentenced to prison a couple of years earlier for assaulting them. The reason behind the change in custody was the mother sabotaging the children’s right to visitation with their fat
EU competition law is the safeguard of the functioning of the internal market, and not many fields of law other than patent law can delimit the scope of competition law. A patent’s value is based upon an exclusive right to the invention and product as protected by the patent. The value stems from the monopoly to the market, namely, an exclusiveness to produce, market, offer and sell the product fo
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the characteristics of the employment conditions for a professional athlete appears, relative to the conclusion of the contract, the ongoing employment and the termination of the contract. It has been shown that sport has its own organization, with a high degree of autonomy, with its own legal framework. This does not, however, hinder labor regulati
Förevarande uppsats behandlar de utredningar om vårdnad-, boende- och/eller umgänge vilka kan företas i tvister om detsamma. Uppsatsen besvarar frågorna om när och hur reglerna om sådana utredningar tillämpas. Vidare behandlas de brister som finns i utredningar av sådant slag, samt delar av den kritik utredningarna utsatts för. Vid tvister om vårdnad-, boende- och/eller umgänge är vårdnadsutredninThe present essay aims to illuminate the custody reports possible to execute during a custody dispute, when and how the legal rules about custody reports applies, and how the custody report is executed. When a court has to decide if the custody of a child henceforth shall be joint or sole, or where the child henceforth shall live, and in which extent the child shall have right to visitation with t
Upplevelsen av Malmö är för mig, och för många andra som inte vuxit upp i staden, en ganska grå stad. Kvarter efter kvarter med tegelhus som före detta arbetarbostäder för de stora industrierna. Stadens bild har ändrats mycket under senare tid och efter att ha bott i staden i några år har jag också fått en mer nyanserad bild av hur många olika ansikten staden har - nya platser, hus och miljöer dykThe image of Malmö is to me, and others that hasn’t grown up in the city, a fairly grey story. Blocks after blocks of brick buildings housing the former workers of the great industries that once were the pillars of the city. The face of the city has changed quite radically in recent years and my personal image of the city has been diversified with new places, buildings and environments, which cons
Anti-monopoly laws play an important role to protect the market economy and maintain healthy environment for competition. After China joined WTO, the anti-monopoly problems are becoming more and more obvious. Anti-monopoly rules are needed urgently. It is inspiring that finally the Draft Anti-monopoly Law was passed preliminarily by the State Council in June 2006 after a more than ten years' g
