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This work investigates the concept of autonomy in three contexts: in constitutional law (SA), in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant (KA) and in the contemporary philosophical discussion on personal autonomy (PA). Tracing the concept of autonomy historically, we highlight similarities and dissimilarities between different definitions. For example, Kant’s account of self-legislation is traced back to S
Principen om ne bis in idem kommer till uttryck i artikel 4 i Europakonventionens sjunde tilläggsprotokoll och utgör ett förbud för en stat att på nytt lagföra eller straffa en individ i en brottmålsrättegång för ett brott som den tidigare har blivit slutligt frikänd eller dömd för i staten. Ett motsvarande dubbelprövningsförbud finns i artikel 50 i EU:s rättighetsstadga. Det svenska sanktionssystThe principle of ne bis in idem is expressed in article 4 of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights and prohibits a state from trying or punish an individual twice in criminal proceedings for a crime which he has already been finally acquitted or convicted. Article 50 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights contains a corresponding double trial prohibition. The Swedish sanctions
Hunting a Gene That Makes Plants Green Photosynthesis is the process plants use to obtain energy from sunlight. In doing so, they produce oxygen and sugars, which supports life on earth as we know it. To harvest sunlight, plants use pigments know as chlorophylls, which also give plants their distinctive green color. Chlorophyll is a cyclic tetrapyrrole which is similar in structure to heme, the c
Spx or why bacteria don’t suffer from burnout Bacteria also suffer from stress. In general, any fluctuation in the environment of bacteria can cause stress on them. For instance, too hot or too cold temperature, or changes in the pH. In order to survive, they need mechanisms to cope with it. Most of these mechanisms involve proteins, which can be seen as tools that respond to stress. In the bac
The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the EU’s and CJEU’s approach towards exit taxes by finding guidance on how the exit tax rules shall be made to be considered as compatible with the requirements of EU law. The EU law’s presumption of establishing an internal market without boundaries at the frontiers prohibits national measures which hinder, inter alia, the market access. Therefore, the EU’s
Personer anställda för uthyrning har sedan bemanningsföretag legaliserades behandlats annorlunda jämfört med andra anställda när de sökt arbetslöshetsersättning. Först i och med RÅ 2007 ref 20 klargjordes att uthyrningsanställda som avslutat flera på varandra följande visstidsanställningar hade rätt till arbetslöshetsersättning så länge anställningarna avslutades i enlighet med LAS och gällande koTemporary agency workers has been treated differently from other employees when they applied for unemployment benefits in Sweden ever since temporary-work-agencies where legalized. Only with RÅ 2007 ref 20 it was clarified that employees for hire who have completed a number of successive fixed-term contracts where entitled to unemployment benefits as long as the jobs were completed in accordance w
Förevarande uppsats behandlar de utredningar om vårdnad-, boende- och/eller umgänge vilka kan företas i tvister om detsamma. Uppsatsen besvarar frågorna om när och hur reglerna om sådana utredningar tillämpas. Vidare behandlas de brister som finns i utredningar av sådant slag, samt delar av den kritik utredningarna utsatts för. Vid tvister om vårdnad-, boende- och/eller umgänge är vårdnadsutredninThe present essay aims to illuminate the custody reports possible to execute during a custody dispute, when and how the legal rules about custody reports applies, and how the custody report is executed. When a court has to decide if the custody of a child henceforth shall be joint or sole, or where the child henceforth shall live, and in which extent the child shall have right to visitation with t
En arbetsplats kan av olika skäl råka ut för en tillfällig nedgång i behovet av arbetskraft. Ett sätt att bemöta detta har traditionellt varit att tillgripa permitteringar. Permittering kan förekomma vid både tillsvidare- och visstidsanställda, men historiskt sett har det oftast rört sig om timanställda. Permitteringar förekommer i princip enbart på arbetarområdet. Med begreppet permittering menasA workplace can due to various reasons, experience a temporary decline in the demand for labor. One way to address this has traditionally been resorting to layoffs. Layoffs may occur in both permanent and fixed-term employments, but historically it has often been a matter of hourly employees. The term layoff means that an employer has the opportunity to temporary layoff employees, or due to some o
This thesis examines the independence of the UN treaty bodies, both in its entirety and the autonomy of the individual treaty body members. Since independence is very difficult to measure empirically, this paper uses the theoretical framework of Principal-Trustee theory as a tool by which the independence can be understood. This instrument allows us to examine the independence of the treaty body s
Affärsmetoders patenterbarhet har diskuteras under en lång tid, dock är de exakta kraven för att en affärsmetod ska anses patenterbar och dessas tolkning inte tillräckligt klarlagda, varken i USA eller i Europa. Även om patenterbarheten av affärsmetoder inte har varit en okomplicerad fråga i USA, har både de amerikanska domstolarna och det amerikanska patentkontoret uppvisat en förhållandevis libeThe patentability of business methods has been debated over a long period of time, nevertheless the exact requirements for a business method to be patent eligible and their interpretation remain unclear both in the US and Europe. Although the patent eligibility of business methods has not been an obvious matter in the US, the US courts and the US patent office has chosen to adopt a quite liberal s
A modularly interactive CRISPR system Climate change and the growing human population already pose severe challenges for food security and agricultural businesses around the globe. One key component on a way to a more sustainable agriculture that has the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions could be the newly arisen genome editing. A form of ge- netic engineering that allows for
Vilka värden som betraktas som viktiga i ett samhälle förändras över tid. Det gäller också i straffrätten. I uppsatsen inringas straffrättsliga värden, med ledning i intressen, som utifrån förarbeten och lagtext framstår som centrala. Ett skyddsintresse som fått en mer framskjuten position under den senare delen av nittonhundratalet är personlig integritet. I detta ligger anspråk på autonomi, frihThe values that are considered important in a society change over time. This also applies to criminal law. The paper identifies values, from interests, in criminal law that appear to be central based on the preparatory work and legal text. One protection interest that gained a more prominent position during the latter part of the twentieth century is personal integrity. This includes claims to aut
Syftet med denna rapport var att problemen med underhållsprogram skulle undersökas och sedan till en viss mån lösas. Det fanns 3 frågeställningar i denna rapport och dessa var vilka problem som användarna upplever med underhållsprogram, hur problemen kan lösas och vad underhållsprogram används till idag och vad dessa kommer användas till i framtiden. Undersökningen genomfördes genom intervjuer medThe purpose of this report was to investigate and to some extent resolve the problems with maintenance programs. There were 3 aims in this report and these were what problems the users experience with maintenance programs were going to be enlightened, that the problems were going to be solved and what maintenance programs are used for today and what they will be used for in the future were to be i
Svartmunnad smörbult: En besvärlig middag Svartmunnad smörbult (Neogobius melanostomus) är en bottenlevande fisk som har tagit sig till Östersjön och är klassad som en invasiv art. Det vill säga att den inte borde finnas här i Östersjön och bidrar till ett försämrat ekosystem! Några av sakerna som den ställer till med är att den ändrar näringsväven i områden där den kommit till, genom att bland aThe Baltic Sea is heavily affected by invasive alien species (IAS). One of them is the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) derived from the Ponto-Caspian Seas and is currently affecting the Baltic Sea coastal ecosystem by altering food webs and competing with native benthic fish. The round goby has become a regular part of the diet in predatory fish such as Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and P
Secondary metabolites produced from organisms are compounds that are not directly connected to the growth of organisms but that serve many important purposes for them in nature. Terpenes and terpenoids form a section of the secondary metabolites, produced from terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes. Fungal species are highly dependent on secondary metabolites and especially the terpenoid compounds for num
Poly- och perfluorerade alkylsubstanser, även kallade PFAS, är en grupp av kemikalier som har använts i ett flertal olika typer av produkter, bland annat brandskum. Dessa ämnen är särskilt problematiska eftersom de är svårnedbrytbara, vilket innebär att de kan finnas kvar i miljön under lång tid efter ett utsläpp. De kan också ha en relativt hög rörlighet i mark- och vattenmiljön, vilket innebär aPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is a group of synthetic organic compounds that has been used in a wide range of products, including fire extinguishing foam which represents the greatest source in Sweden. Their chemical properties make them toxic for humans and most living species, although research is still on-going to determine the specific toxicity of each compound in the family. A la
Entreprenadavtal kännetecknas av långvariga projekt med många inblandade parter och möjligheten för beställaren att ändra föremålet för entreprenaden under projektets gång. Förändrade förutsättningar leda till merkostnader där entreprenören kan vilja kräva ersättning. AB 04, ett av de vanligaste standardavtalen, ger entreprenören rätt till ersättning under vissa förhållanden. Men vid störningar i Construction contracts are characterized by long-term projects involving many parties and the possibility for the client to alter the scope of the project during its course. Changed conditions may lead to additional costs, where the contractor may want to seek compensation. AB 04, one of the most common standard agreements, grants the contractor the right to compensation under certain circumstance
The international humanitarian system has, since the 19th century, been activated during large-scale disasters when the capacities of the affected countries are overwhelmed. It comprises international humanitarian organizations (IHOs) and is funded by a variety of donors. Recently, this system has faced increasing criticism, mainly because of its failure to empower and include local and national a
From green to pale yellow: Genetics of barley chlorophyll deficiency. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth-largest grain crop in the world, making it one of the most economically important cereals. Today, it is mainly used in both animal feed and brewing. Because barley grows in many different environments and has been cultivated for thousands of years, it has also become an important model
The global aviation industry is experiencing growing pressure to decarbonize, driving significant demand for Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). Second-generation feedstocks that do not directly compete with food crops, such as lipid oils from insects and lignin-derived oils, are promising sources, but their high concentrations of inorganic contaminants and oxygen make them incompatible with existing
