Person
wlodek.rabinowiczfil.luse |
2022-03-10
Professor Emeritus, Post Retirement Professor
- Practical Philosophy
- Department of Philosophy
Contact information
E-mail wlodek.rabinowiczfil.luse
Room LUX:B520
Visiting address
Helgonavägen 3, Lund
Postal address
Box 192, 221 00 Lund
Internal post code 30
I am Professor emeritus of Practical Philosophy at Lund university. After my philosophy studies in Warsaw were prematurely terminated by the student rebellion 1968, I moved to Uppsala. There, I got my Ph.D. in 1979 and stayed on as associate professor. I was the acting chair of practical philosophy 1987-89, head of Uppsala department 1988-93, and director of the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS) 1994-95.
In 1995 I was appointed to the chair of practical philosophy in Lund.
In Lund and Uppsala, I supervised about fifteen doctoral students and carried research in normative thics, meta-ethics, value theory, decision theory and formal epistemology. Currently I focus on value theory (value analysis, formal axiology, incommensurability), normative ethics (consequentialism, population ethics) and decision theory (sequential choice).
I am a co-editor of Theoria and former Honorary Professor at the University of York, Australian National University and London School of Economics.
Research
My profile in Lund University research portal
- Value theory (research leader)
Books (2)
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2004). Patterns of Value - Essays on Formal Axiology and Value Analysis, Vol. 2. Lund Philosophy Reports, 2004:1. Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2003). Patterns of Value - Essays on Formal Axiology and Value Analysis, vol. 1. Lund Philosophy Reports, 2003:1. Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
Editorships (6)
- Dietrich, F. & Rabinowicz, W. (2018). (Eds.) Beliefs in Groups. Theory and Decision, 85, 1-116. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2004). (Eds.) Patterns of Value- Essays on Formal Axiology and Value Analysis, vol. 2. Lund Philosophy Reports, 2004:1. Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2003). (Eds.) Patterns of Value : Essays on Formal Axiology and Value Analysis, vol. 1. Lund Philosophy Reports, 2003:1. Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2003). (Eds.) Patterns of Value: Essays on Formal Axiology and Value Analysis. Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2001). (Ed.) Value and choice : some common themes in decision theory and moral philosophy, vol. 1. Lund Philosophy Reports, 2000:1. Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2000). (Ed.) Value and choice : some common themes in decision theory and moral philosophy. Vol. 2. LPR : Lund Philosophy Reports, 2000:2. Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
Articles (46)
- Hájek, A. & Rabinowicz, W. (2021). Degrees of commensurability and the repugnant conclusion. Nous. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2021). Explaining value: on Orsi and Garcia’s explanatory objection to the fitting-attitude analysis. Philosophical Studies, 178, 2473-2482. Springer.
- Dietrich, F. & Rabinowicz, W. (2018). Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Beliefs in Groups’ of Theory and Decision. Theory and Decision, 85, 1-4. Springer.
- Handfield, T. & Rabinowicz, W. (2018). Incommensurability and vagueness in spectrum arguments : options for saving transitivity of betterness. Philosophical Studies, 175, 2373-2387. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2018). Are Institutions Rules in Equilibrium? Comments on Guala’s Understanding Institutions. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 48, 569-584. SAGE Publications.
- Cantwell, J., Lindström, S. & Rabinowicz, W. (2017). McGee's Counterexample to the Ramsey Test. Theoria: a Swedish Journal of Philosophy, 83, 154-168. Thales.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2017). From values to probabilities. Synthese, 194, 3901-3929. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2016). Derek Parfit's Contributions to Philosophy. Theoria: a Swedish Journal of Philosophy, 82, 104-109. Thales.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2014). Safeguards of a Disunified Mind. Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 57, 356-383. Routledge.
- Rabinowicz, W. & List, C. (2014). Two intuitions about free will: Alternative possibilities and intentional endorsement. Philosophical Perspectives, 28, 155-172. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Eriksson, L. & Rabinowicz, W. (2013). The interference problem for the betting interpretation of degrees of belief. Synthese, 190, 809-830. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2012). Value Relations Revisited. Economics and Philosophy, 28, 133-164. Cambridge University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2012). Ethics Discussions at PEA Soup: Rabinowicz and Ronnow-Rasmussen on Schroeder. Ethics at PEA Soup, 1-5. Dan Boisvert, Joshua Glasgow, Douglas Portmore, and David Shoemaker.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2012). Ethics Discussions at PEA Soup: Rabinowicz and Ronnow-Rasmussen on Way. PEA Soup A blog dedicated to philosophy, ethics, and academia, 1-6.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Luc, B. (2011). Bets on Hats - On Dutch Books Against Groups, Degrees of Belief as Betting Rates, and Group-Reflection. Episteme, 8, 281-300. Edinburgh University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2010). Analyticity and Possible-World Semantics. Erkenntnis, 72, 295-314. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2010). Odwracanie ról : Odpowiedź na artykuł Krzysztofa Saji. Analiza i Egzystencja : Czasopismo Filozoficzne, 12, 61-68. Szczecin University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2010). Om värderelationer. Filosofisk tidskrift, 1. Thales.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2010). Utylitaryzm preferencji poprzez zmianę preferencji?. Analiza i Egzystencja : Czasopismo Filozoficzne, 12, 7-37. Szczecin University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Bovens, L. (2010). The Puzzle of the Hats. Synthese, 172, 57-78. Springer.
- Mulligan, K. & Rabinowicz, W. (2009). Editorial. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 12, 327-328. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2009). Broome and the Intuition of Neutrality. Philosophical Issues, 11, 389-411. John Wiley & Sons Inc..
- Rabinowicz, W. (2009). Incommensurability and Vagueness. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 83, 71-94. Oxford University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2009). Relacje Wartości. Etyka, 42, 85-120. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2009). Values Compared. Polish Journal of Philosophy, 3, 73-96.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Mulligan, K. (2009). Editorial - Guest editors' introduction to a special issue on value theory. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 12, 327-328. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2008). Värdejämförelser. Kungl. vitterhets historie och antikvitetsakademiens årsbok, 77-94. Kungliga Vitterhets- historie- och antikvitetsakademien.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2008). Value Relations. Theoria: a Swedish Journal of Philosophy, 74, 18-49. Thales.
- Bovens, L. & Rabinowicz, W. (2006). Democratic answers to complex questions - an epistemic perspective. Synthese, 150, 131-153. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2006). Buck-passing and the right kind of reasons. Philosophical Quarterly, 56, 114-120. Oxford University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Arrhenius, G. (2005). Millian Superiorities. Utilitas, 17, 127-146. Cambridge University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Arrhenius, G. (2005). Value and Unacceptable Risk: Temkin's Worries about Continuity Reconsidered. Economics and Philosophy, 21, 177-198. Cambridge University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Bovens, L. (2005). De Doctrinale Paradox. Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte, 97, 60-76.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2004). Om ojämlikhetens negativa värde – några anmärkningar. Tidskrift för politisk filosofi, 8, 52-66. Thales.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Bovens, L. (2004). Voting Procedures for Complex Collective Decision. Ratio Juris, 17, 241-258. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2004). The Strike of the Demon: On Fitting Pro-attitudes. Ethics, 114, 391-423. University of Chicago Press.
- Jiborn, M. & Rabinowicz, W. (2003). Reconsidering the Foole's rejoinder: Backward induction in indefinitely iterated prisoner's dilemmas. Synthese, 136, 135-157. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2003). Complex Collective Decisions – An Epistemic Perspective. Associations Journal for Social and Legal Theory, 7.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2003). Remarks on the Absent minded Driver. Studia Logica, 73, 241-256. Studia Logica.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2003). Ryberg’s Doubts About Higher and Lower Pleasures –Put to Rest?. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 6, 231-237. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2003). The Size of Inequality and Its Badness – Some Reflections around Temkin’s “Inequality”. Theoria: a Swedish Journal of Philosophy, 69, 60-84. Thales.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2003). Tropic of Value. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 66, 389-403. Brown University.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2002). Does Practical deliberation Crowd Out Self-Prediction?. Erkenntnis, 57, 91-122. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2002). Prioritarianism for Prospects. Utilitas, 14, 2-21. Cambridge University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2001). Värdefulla Ting. Filosofisk tidskrift, 1, 48-59. Thales.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2000). A Distinction in Value: Intrinsic and For Its Own Sake. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 100, 33-51. Oxford University Press.
Book chapters (33)
- Rabinowicz, W. (2016). Aggregation of value judgments differs from aggregation of preferences. Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, ncovering Facts and Values: Studies in Contemporary Epistemology and Political Philosophy, 9-40.
- Arrhenius, G. & Rabinowicz, W. (2015). Value Superiority. In Hirose, I. & Olson, J. (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Value Theory (pp. 225-248). Oxford University Press.
- Bovens, L. & Rabinowicz, W. (2015). The Meaning of 'Darn It!'. In Hirose, I. & Reisner, A. (Eds.) Weighing and Reasoning (pp. 129-139). Oxford University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Arrhenius, G. (2015). The Value of Existence. In Hirose, I. & Olson, J. (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Value Theory (pp. 424-444). Oxford University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2015). Value Taxonomy. In Brosch, T. & Sander, D. (Eds.) Handbook of Value/Perspectives from Economics, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology (pp. 23-42). Oxford University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Eriksson, L. (2014). Betting Interpretation and the Problem of Interference. In Galavotti, M.-C., Nemeth, E. & Stadler, F. (Eds.) Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, European Philosophy of Science : Philosophy of Science in Europe and the Viennese Heritage (pp. 103-115), 17. Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2013). When In Doubt, Equalize: Presumption of Equality Justified. In Eyal, N., Hurst, S. A., Norheim, O. F. & Wikler, D. (Eds.) Inequalities in Health - Concepts, Measures, asn Ethics (pp. 164-177). Oxford University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2011). Democracy - Two Models. In Sliwinski, R. (Ed.) Neither/Nor - Philosophical Essays dediscated to Erik Carlson on the Occasion of His 50th Birthday (pp. 219-241). Uppsala Philosophical Studies.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2011). Presumption of Equality as a Requirement of Fairness. In Ehtibar/Lacey, D. (Ed.) Descriptive and Normative Approaches to Hyman Behavior (pp. 203-224). World Scientific Publishing.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2011). Value Relations - Old Wine in New Bottles. In Raboul, A. (Ed.) Philosophical Papers dedicated to Kevin Mulligan.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2010). Epistemic Logic: Questions and Answers. In Hendricks, V. (Ed.) Epistemic Logic: 5 Questions (pp. 121-128). Automatic Press/VIP.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Gustaf, A. (2010). Better to Be Than Not to BE?. In Joas, H. (Ed.) The Benefit of Broad Horizons. Intellectual and Institutional Preconditions for a Global Social Science (pp. 399-421). Brill.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2009). Democratic answers to complex Questions - An Epistemic Perspective. In Sintonen, M. (Ed.) The Socratic Tradition - Questioning as Philosophy and Method (pp. 223-251). College Publications.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2009). Letters from Long Ago: On Causal Decision Theory and Centered Chances. In Johansson, L.-G. (Ed.) Logic, Ethics, and All That Jazz - Essays in Honour of Jordan Howard Sobel (pp. 247-273), 56. Uppsala Philosophical Studies.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2009). Preference Utilitarianism by Way of Preference Change?. In Grune-Yanoff, T. & Hansson, S. O. (Eds.) Preference Change: Approaches from Philosophy, Economics and Psychology (pp. 185-206). Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Bovens, L. (2009). A Dutch book for group decision-making?. In Löwe, B., Pacuit, E. & Romeijn, J.-W. (Eds.) Foundations of the formal sciences VI : probabilistic reasoning and reasoning with probabilities (pp. 91-101), Studies in logic, 16. College Publications.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2008). Pragmatic Arguments for Rationality Constraints. In Galavotti, M.-C., Scazzieri, R. & Suppes, P. (Eds.) Reasoning, Rationality and Probability (pp. 139-163). CSLI Publications.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2006). Analyticity - An Unfinished Business in Possible World Semantics. In Lagerlund, H. & Sliwinski, R. (Eds.) Modality Matters: Twenty-Five essays in Honour of Krister Segerberg (pp. 345-358). Department of Philosophy, Uppsala University.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2006). Levi on Money Pumps and Diachronic Dutch-Book Arguments. In Olsson, E. (Ed.) Knowledge and Inquiry: Essays on the Pragmatism of Isaac levi (pp. 289-312). Cambridge University Press.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2005). Mechanisms of Truth-Directedness - Comments on Pascal Engel's 'Truth and the Aim of Belief'. In Gillies, D. (Ed.) Laws and Models in Science (pp. 101-106). King's College Publications.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2005). A Distinction in Value - Intrinsic and For Its Own Sake. In Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. & Zimmerman, M. (Eds.) Recent Work on Intrinsic Value (pp. 115-130). Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2005). Tropic of Value. In Rønnow-rasmussen, T. & Zimmerman, M. (Eds.) Recent Work on Intrinsic Value (pp. 213-228). Springer.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2004). Modeling Parity and Incomparability. In Rabinowicz, W. & Rönnow-Rasmussen, T. (Eds.) Patterns of value : essays on formal axiology and value analysis. vol. 2 (LPR : Lund philosophy reports ; 2004:1 ). Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Arrhenius, G. (2004). Millian Superiorities. In Rabinowicz, W. & Rönnow-Rasmussen, T. (Eds.) Patterns of value : essays on formal axiology and value analysis, vol. 2 (LPR : Lund philosophy reports ; 2004:1). Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Bovens, L. (2004). Democracy and Argument - Tracking Truth in Complex Social Decisions. In van Aaken, A., List, C. & Luetge, C. (Eds.) Deliberation and Decision: Economics, Constitutional Theory, and Deliberative Democracy (pp. 143-157). Ashgate.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Broome, J. (2004). Superior Attributes. In Rabinowicz, W. & Rönnow-Rasmussen, T. (Eds.) Patterns of value : essays on formal axiology and value analysis. vol. 2. ( LPR : Lund philosophy reports ; 2004 :1 ). Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Arrhenius, G. (2003). On Millian Discontinuities. In Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (Eds.) Patterns of Value - Essays on Formal Axiology and Value Analysis (pp. 1-8), 1. Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Bovens, L. (2003). Democracy and Argument – Tracking Truth in Complex Social Decisions. In van Aaken, A., List, C. & Luetge, C. (Eds.) Deliberation and Decision: Economics, Constitutional Theory, and Deliberative Democracy. Ashgate.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2002). Kripke on Psychophysical Identity. In Lindström, S. & Sundström, P. (Eds.) Physicalism, Consciousness and Modality - Essays in the Philosophy of Mind.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2001). Prioritarianism and Uncertainty : On the Interpersonal Addition Theorem and the Priority View. In Egonsson, D., Josefsson, J., Petersson, B. & Rönnow-Rasmussen, T. (Eds.) Exploring Practical Philosophy : From Actions to Values (pp. 139-165). Ashgate.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Rønnow-Rasmussen, T. (2001). Tropic of Value. In Carlsson, E. & Sliwinski, R. (Eds.) Omnium-gatherum; Philosophical essays dedicated to Jan Österberg on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday (pp. 263-277), 50. Uppsala Philosophical Studies.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2000). Money Pump with Foresight. In Almeida, M. J. (Ed.) Imperceptible Harms and benefits (pp. 123-154). Springer.
- Sahlin, N.-E. & Rabinowicz, W. (1997). The Evidentiary Value Model. In Gabbay, D. & Smets, P. (Eds.) Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems (pp. 247-265), 1. Springer.
Encyclopaedia entries (1)
Conference contributions (5)
- Rabinowicz, W. (accepted/in press). If in Doubt, Treat'em Equally. Proceedings of the 6th European Congress in Analytic Philosophy (ECAP 6), 219-243. College Publications.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2012). Иррациональность, делает ли она человека незащищенным от эксплуатации?. In Guseynov, A. & Lektorsky, V. (Eds.) Рациональность и ее границы (Rationality and Its Limits), Proceedings of the 2011 Moscow meeting of Institute International de Philosophie (pp. 74-100). Russian Academy of Sciences.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2012). Does Irrationality Make One Vulnerable to Exploitation?. In Lektorsky, V. & Guseynov, A. (Eds.) Rationality and Its Limits. Proceedings of the 2011 Moscow meeting of Institut International de Philosophie (pp. 67-89). Russian Academy of Sciences.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2008). Presumption of Equality. In Jönsson, M. (Eds.) LPR : Lund philosophy reports (pp. 109-155), 2008:1. Department of Philosophy, Lund University.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2002). Preference Logic and Radical Interpretation: Kanger meets Davidson. In Gärdenfors, P., Wolenski, J. & Kijania-Placek, K. (Eds.) In the Scope of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science (pp. 213-233), 2. Springer.
Reports (1)
Articles in specialist publications and popular press (3)
- Rabinowicz, W. (2010). In memoriam - Jordan Howard Sobel (1929 – 2010). Theoria: a Swedish Journal of Philosophy, 76, 192-196. Thales, Wiley-Blackwell.
- Rabinowicz, W. (2010). Jordan Howard Sobel (1929 – 2010) till minne. Filosofisk tidskrift, 2010, 57-60. Thales.
- Rabinowicz, W. & Bovens, L. (2002). Demokrati och komplexa beslut - omigen. Filosofisk tidskrift, 2002, 52-56. Thales, Thales.
Supervision at Lund University (4)
- Andersson, H. (2017). How It All Relates : Exploring the Space of Value Comparisons. Lund University (Media-Tryck). Dissertation.
- Fritzson, F.-A. (2014). Value Grounded on Attitudes. Subjectivism in Value Theory. Lund University (Media-Tryck). Dissertation.
- Brandstedt, E. (2013). The Construction of a Sustainable Development in Times of Climate Change. Lund University (Media-Tryck). Dissertation.
- Brax, D. (2009). Hedonism as the Explanation of Value. Dissertation.
Other tasks and qualifications
Current research projects (participant):
Lund-Gothenburg Responsibility Project (LGRP)
Climate Ethics and Future Gnerations (at the Institute of Future's Studies, Stockholm)
Previous assignments:
Long-tern fellow of the Swedish Collegium of Advanced Study (SCAS) in Uppsala 2005-19.
Cantennial Professor at London School of Economics, 2013-16.
Honorary Professor, York University, 2016-20
Honorary Professor, Australian National University, 2017-20
Editor-in-chief of Theoria, 1996-99 and co-editor since then.
Co-editor of Economics and Philosophy, 1997 - 2002.
Co-editor of Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 2013-16.
President of the European Society for Analytic Philosophy (ESAP), 1999 - 2002.
Chairman of the Swedish Philosophical Society, 2007-9.
Chairman of the Schock Prize Committee for Logic and Philosophy at the Royal Academy of Sciences, 2009-14.
Research grants:
Tercentenary Foundation of the Bank of Sweden, 1999-2003, 2003-2007.
Swedish Research Council 2007-2012.
Visiting research positions:
Leibniz professor, Leipzig 2000
adjunct professor at the Research School for Social Sciences (RSSS) in Canberra 2003-7
visiting fellow at All Souls, Oxford 2007, at SCAS 1994, 2004, 2008, 2011,2014, at the University College, Oxford, 2013, at London School of Economics 2014, 2015, 2016,at RSSS 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019
Centenary Fellow of Scots Philosophical Association 2013
visiting fellow of the Franco-Swedish Programme in Economics and Philosophy in Paris 2013, 2014
Festschrifts:
"Odds and Ends: Philosophical essays Dedicated to Wlodek Rabinowicz", ed. by S. Lindström, R. Sliwinski and J. Österberg, Uppsala Philosophical Studies 45, Uppsala 1996;
"Hommage à Wlodek: 60 Philosophical Papers Dedicated to Wlodek Rabinowicz", ed. by T. Rønnow-Rasmussen, B. Petersson, J. Josefsson and D. Egonsson, Lund 2007, http://www.fil.lu.se/hommageawlodek
Learned societies:
Institut International de Philosophie,
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities,
Academia Europea,
The Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences in Uppsala,
The Scientific Society in Lund,
The Royal Scientific Society of Letters in Lund,
The Tampere Club.
Professor Emeritus, Post Retirement Professor
- Practical Philosophy
- Department of Philosophy
Contact information
E-mail wlodek.rabinowiczfil.luse
Room LUX:B520
Visiting address
Helgonavägen 3, Lund
Postal address
Box 192, 221 00 Lund
Internal post code 30