Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome : prevalence, risks, disease trajectories, and early-stage management
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome affects approximately 90% of US adults, arising from the convergence of metabolic dysfunction, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These conditions create self-reinforcing cycles of multiorgan damage, substantially increasing mortality risk. The American Heart Association’s 2023 staging framework stratifies CKM from stage 0
