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Background: Emerging data propose biomarker alteration due to clonal selection between the primary invasive breast cancer and corresponding metastases. In addition, impact on survival has been demonstrated. The present study investigates the relationship between the oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) between primary ductal carcin

Popular Abstract in Swedish Deformerbara speglar som används i teleskop är förhållandevis små med en diameter på 10-30 cm, med undantag av ett fåtal. Den största deformerbara spegeln som är integrerad i ett teleskop idag, har en diameter på 911 mm och återfinns i Large Binocular Telescope. I designen för E-ELT har en deformerbar spegel med en diameter på dryga 2 m inkluderats och GMT har ett antalIt is attractive to integrate a large deformable mirror for adaptive optics into an astronomical telescope rather than using relay optics within an auxiliary instrument. However, the resulting large deformable mirror can be expensive, particularly for extremely large telescopes. We have pursued a low-cost approach using force actuators connected to the back of the deformable mirror through suction

Capsaicin is used to investigate the role of peripheral sensory nerve fibers. In previous studies of rats treated by injection of capsaicin into the skin of the neck, 'spontaneous' lesions in the head and neck region were observed. In this study, the course of development over time, the regional distribution and the innervation of capsaicin-induced dermal lesions were assessed in young male Spragu

This work is theoretical analyses of heat transfer across film a flowing over the surface of a rotating disk. This field has wide industrial applications in Turbomachinery, chemical, and food industries. An analytical study is developed to investigate the heat transfer characteristics in the liquid film due to jet impinging at the center of the disk. A theoretical model is based on heat balance an

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of focal laser photocoagulation on general and local retinal function and to relate electrophysiological findings with changes in protein kinase C (PKC) alpha expression. METHODS: Twelve rabbits were treated with 70 spots of laser photocoagulation in the central cone-rich retina. The operated eyes were investigated with electroretinography (full-field ERG and multif

This paper looks at trust as an object of historical analysis in micro-credit exchanges at the village level before the advent of capitalism. Based on the examination of loans recorded by the notary over the course of the eighteenth century, this paper seeks to shed light not only on the mechanisms of norms of cooperation and trust but also, and more importantly, on the paradigm of trust over time

In this work, a progress variable approach is used to model diesel spray ignition with detailed chemistry. The flow field and the detailed chemistry are coupled using the flamelet assumption. A flamelet progress variable is transported by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The progress variable source term is obtained from an unsteady flamelet library that is evaluated in each grid cell.

This study explores how democracy—often understood as an abstract concept or a location- transcending, intangible phenomenon—is produced, shaped and continuously reshaped through local library practices in certain places and under local conditions at a specific point in time. To better understand potential conflicts and/or tensions that might arise between the three levels of Swedish library polic

It would appear that all possible types of source material concerning pre-colonial and colonial Indian history had been found and analyzed only to be reanalyzed repeatedly, resulting in a number of macro-level studies. However, micro-level studies have been very rare. This may be so because many a historian of India believed that sources necessary for such studies did not exist as there was no tra

The dominating local and regional sources of gaseous and particulate air pollution in the city of Lund (69,000 inhabitants) in southern Sweden were characterized using a combination of aerosol and gas-phase monitoring techniques. Twelve-hour samples were taken at two stations of both fine and coarse fraction urban aerosols with a stacked filter unit during the four-week measurement campaign in Mar

BACKGROUND: To elucidate the mechanism by which local delivery of 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1) affects intimal hyperplasia after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). METHODS: Porcine coronary arteries were treated with PTCA and immediately afterwards locally treated for 5 minutes, with a selective cytosolic guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1 H-(1,2,4)oxadiazole(4,3-alpha)quinox

Background: Although transposition of the great arteries (TGA) accounts for less than 5% of congenital heart disease, the clinical course is often dramatic with need for early diagnosis and careful preoperative care as well as advanced surgical correction and postoperative support. Since 1993, Lund is one of the two tertiary referral centers for pediatric cardiac surgery in Sweden, with nearly 400

Drug therapy is often directed to specific organ and tissue compartments where the mode of action of the compound effects specifically targeted biological processes. However, the direct measurement of drug uptake in terms of a time kinetic and concentrations attained at the local sites has not been readily available as a clinical index for most drugs. A proof-of-principle study was conducted to te

BACKGROUND: Healthcare today is a complex system with increasing needs of specific knowledge of evaluation of research and implementation into clinical practice. A critical issue is that we all apply evidence-based practice (EBP) with standardised methods and continuing and systematic improvements. EBP includes both scientific and critical assessed experience-based knowledge. For the individual,

The paper describes full-scale fire-fighting tests performed in an underground mine. A total of six different methods to fight a full scale fire in a mine tunnel were tested. The methods involved different fire-fighting equipment but were comparable regarding fundamental conditions such as length of response-route, fire-fighting set-up, and smoke and fire size. The aim was to compare different equ

This study examines how Islamic beliefs affect host-guest interactions from the perspectives of local people in two Islamic heritage villages in Iran. Face-to-face interviews with 51 people across the two settings highlight the significant influence of Islamic beliefs on host-guest interactions and indicate that these beliefs can be supportive of tourism. However, religiosity also significantly in

The exocrine pancreas is mainly regulated via neuro-hormonal pathways. CCK-dependent regulatory pathways and CCK-receptor subtype involved seem to differ between mammalian species. The first aim of the thesis was to establish the physiological dose-range for CCK, to further explore the short entero-pancreatic reflex and CCK-receptor subtypes involved in the CCK-mediated regulation of the exocrin

Varierande likhet i blomdoft – beror det på släktskapsband? De senaste decennierna har kunskapen om blomdoft och dess betydelse i interaktioner mellan växter och insekter ökat avsevärt. Det finns en stor mängd olika doftämnen i blommors doft och blomdoften kan vara högst variabel, inte bara mellan arter utan också mellan individer av samma art. Även om vissa doftämnen verkar sakna ekologisk funktUnderstanding the evolutionary processes behind intraspecific variation and population differentiation is an important topic in biology, since intraspecific variation is required for speciation. Angiosperms show fascinating diversity in flower designs. Since the flower is crucial for reproductive success and at the same time often involved in biotic interactions with pollinators and/or herbivores,