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In this paper we argue that the emergence of the dominant model of university organization, which is characterized by a large agglomeration of many (often loosely affiliated) small research groups, might have an economic explanation that relates to the features of the scientific production process. In particular, we argue that there are decreasing returns to scale on the level of the individual re

Activating the immune system has associated fitness costs, both immediate costs in the form of reduced current reproduction and long-term costs in the form of reduced life span and future reproduction. This indicates that immune system activation can be an important agent in life history trade-offs. In this review, we evaluate the importance of four currencies generally considered as potential med

Purpose: To describe the clinical phenotype of the complete type of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) with different types of mutations in the NYX gene. Methods: The clinical and genetic data from 18 male patients with eight different mutations from two ophthalmological institutes were reviewed. The variability in refractive error, reduced visual acuity and full-field electror

Background. Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an option for the treatment of increased intracranial pressure resulting from an acute neurological insult, including insults caused by trauma. When the brain swelling has receded, the skull is reconstructed with a wide choice of materials, each with its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, cosmetic appearance, biocompatibility, implant s

Quinoa stalk (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) from agricultural crop residue, totora (Schoenoplectus tatora) and o-macrophytes (aquatic flora) from Lake Titicaca (on the Bolivian Altiplano) were studied in a wet anaerobic co-digestion process together with manure front llama, cow and sheep. Anaerobic semi-continuous experiments were performed in (10) 2-1 reactors at a temperature of 25 degrees C with 3

The crystal structures of three conformations, T6, T3R3 and R6, of bovine insulin were solved at 1.40, 1.30 and 1.80 angstrom resolution, respectively. All conformations crystallized in space group R3. In contrast to the T6 and T3R3 structures, different conformations of the N-terminal B-chain residue PheB1 were observed in the R6 insulin structure, resulting in an eightfold doubling of the unit-c

Chronic inhalation of cadmium at the workplace or in cigarette smoke is associated with emphysema, a disease characterized by extensive disruption of lung connective tissue. We have previously shown that cadmium, at noncytotoxic doses, inhibits fibroblast procollagen production in vitro, with maximal inhibitory effects of 69 +/- 6% (P < 0.01) at 30 &microM cadmium chloride (CdCl2). In this pap

Objective: To compare the appearance and measurement of Cesarean hysterotomy scar before pregnancy and at 11–14 weeks in a subsequent pregnancy. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of women aged 18–35 years who had one previous Cesarean delivery (CD) at ≥ 37 weeks. Women were examined with saline contrast sonohysterography 6–9 months after CD. A scar defect was defined as large if scar th

På sexualbrottslagstiftningens område har det i Sverige under en längre tid pågått en intensiv debatt. Diskussionen rör frågan huruvida det i svensk rätt bör införas en våldtäktsbestämmelse där straffansvar grundas på ett bristande samtycke, istället för den nuvarande bestämmelsen som baseras på medel (tvång) och omständigheter (utnyttjande). Denna fråga utgör även den huvudsakliga frågeställningeIn Sweden there's an ongoing debate on the sexual offences law area. The discussion relates to whether the Swedish rape law should be a legislation where criminal liability is based on a lack of consent, rather than on coercion and exploitation, which is the current rule. This issue is also the main research question in this essay. After describing the debate and the arguments raised for and a

The present study investigates how native speakers of British English (n=12) and advanced Russian learners of English (n=24) handle two types of tense-aspect mismatches: present perfect mismatches, where the present perfect form does not match the preceding adverbial (e.g. *Last year, Kate has studied French…), and past simple mismatches, where the past simple form does not match the preceding adv

Abstrakt A footballs club of Malmö FF´s size and ambition on field must show the same level of ambition off field. With a hundred of thousands visitors every year to their home games, all the involved actors must work together and communicate efficiently to be able to offer the costumers a good football experience. This essey investigates closer those problems that can accour with many actors invo

Management decisions in conservation of threatened species require trading off social needs against biodiversity values, including the prioritization of conservation locations, i.e. where conservation efforts should take place. To improve conservation decisions for the thick-shelled river mussel, Unio crassus, a highly threatened temporary parasite on fish, we performed a field study on how mussel

BACKGROUND: Beans are rich and inexpensive sources of proteins and carbohydrates around the world, but particularly in developing countries. However, many legume varieties are still underutilized. In this study, physical characteristics of the seeds of three Phaseolus lunatus cultivars were characterized. Also, the chemical composition and starch digestibility in the cooked beans were assessed. RE

Objectives: To assess whether vessel morphology depicted by three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler ultrasound improves discrimination between benignity and malignancy if used as a second-stage test in adnexal masses that are difficult to classify. Methods: This was a prospective observational international multicenter diagnostic accuracy study. Consecutive patients with an adnexal mass underwent sta