We investigate the electronic structure of high-density layers of Sb dopants in a silicon host, so-called Si:Sb δ-layers. We show that, in spite of the known challenges in producing highly confined Sb δ-layers, sufficient confinement is created such that the lowest conduction band states (Γ states, studied in depth in other silicon δ-layers), become occupied and can be observed using angle-resolve

Time-frequency representations (TFR) typically suffer from resolution problems due to the uncertainty principle. This can lead to loss of information if signals are too close in time or frequency, or if they have significantly different energies. Methods addressing these issues and which can be used in tandem with the typical spectrogram or scalogram have been developed throughout the years. The r

The dune regions of the Curonian Spit are undergoing a gradual deflation and transformation towards a vegetated surface as a result of extensive forestation and dune stabilization efforts limiting sand input to the dunes. Current dune monitoring in the Spit relies mostly on field levelling, whereas radar interferometry – used extensively in land surface monitoring elsewhere – is not utilized. This

Food waste represents major economic, social and sustainable challenges across the European Union, particularly within fresh fruit and vegetables (FFV). This study aims to quantify the amount of fresh food waste generated post-harvest for five FFV products i.e. avocados, bananas, cucumbers, eggplants and peppers (ABCEPs). This study will analyze and estimate the waste generated across 31 European

In this thesis, we apply Bayesian Optimization to estimate the parameters of the LPJ-GUESS dynamic vegetation model with a focus on Methane (CH4) emissions in the Siikaneva wetland in Finland. Previous research has used other statistical methods, such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), to estimate the LPJ-GUESS model parameters, achieving a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.023. Our objective is

Hur många anställda behövs för att kunna balansera kundflödet och samtidigt optimera kostnaderna av medarbetarna? Är det möjligt att beräkna stationära sannolikheter utifrån ett ankomst- och avgångsflöde, som kan användas för att optimera kö-modellen? Om du är chef på ICA, ägaren av en butik, eller en kund som har stått i kö för länge, så har du kanske ställt dig dessa frågor. Det finns olika svaThe main goal of this investigation is to determine the optimal number of cashiers to be employed in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) queuing system, based on the number of customer arrivals, the average revenue generated per customer, and the rate at which each customer abandons the queue, referred to as the reneging rate. This is done by using continuous-time homogeneous Markov Chains to model the ar

This thesis explores the Poisson process in one and multiple dimensions, with particular focus on its application to modeling the spatial distribution of stars. The theory of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous Poisson processes is developed, along with key aspects such as thinning, distribution of inter-arrival times and nearest neighbor distribution. These are then extended to a three-dimensional

Examensarbetet fokuserar på implementering och testning av automationstillämpningar inom det decentraliserade, modulära systemet Vario-X, utvecklat av Murrelektronik AB. Vario-X är en automationsplattform som skapats för att föra ihop alla komponenter direkt vid en maskins kärna, vilket tar bort behovet av skåp och minskar komplex kabeldragning. Plattformen är modulär, energieffektiv och erbjuder This thesis focuses on implementation and testing of automation applications within the decentralized and modular system Vario-X, developed by Murrelektronik AB. Vario-X is an automation platform created to bring all components together directly at the core of a machine, which in turn removes the need for cabinets and reduces complex cable routing. The platform is modular, energy efficient and off

This thesis examines whether computer code generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI) can qualify as a “work” under EU copyright law, and if so, who may be recognized as its author. As AI programming tools such as GitHub Copilot and Tabnine become more integrated into software development, they increasingly mediate the creative process—raising important legal questions concernin

Stora språkmodeller (LLM) har uppvisat anmärkningsvärda förmågor inom en rad olika uppgifter inom naturlig språkbehandling (NLP). Deras prestanda är dock mycket känslig för den inledande prompt som används för att fråga dem. Manuell promptkonstruktion, även om den är effektiv, är ofta tidskrävande och kräver betydande expertis. Denna avhandling undersöker promptoptimering, med fokus på en automatiLarge Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, their performance is highly sensitive to the input prompt used to query them. Manual prompt engineering, while effective, is often time-consuming and requires significant expertise. This thesis investigates Prompt Optimization, focusing on a closed-loop, automated

Överföringen av logiska program från äldre styrsystem till nyare är ett omfattande arbete som, oavsett teknisk utveckling, fortfarande är en betydande manuell börda. Visserligen finns det verktyg som kan göra en automat-konvertering, men dessa tenderar att genomföra en 1:1-konvertering, vilket innebär att den nya logiken behåller samma föråldrade struktur och inte drar nytta av moderna funktioner The transfer of control logic and system implementations from older to newer control systems is a substantial undertaking that, despite technological advancements, remains largely a manual effort. While there are tools available that perform automatic conversions, these tend to apply a one-to-one conversion strategy. This means that the structure of the logic remains outdated and does not take adv

Distributed control systems, förkortat DCS, är ett komplett automationssystem som har stora användningsområde inom dagens processindustri. På grund av sin skalbarhet, driftsäkerhet och redundansmöjligheter är dessa system idag vanligt förekommande. DCS är oftast väldigt stora och komplex system som kräver mycket tid och arbete för att starta igång. Detta resulterar i att uppstartstiden för projekt

Detta examensarbete behandlar utvecklingen av ett intelligent belysningssystem på Beckhoff Automation AB:s kontor i Malmö. Syftet är att minska energiförbrukningen utan att kompromissa användarkomforten, genom att automatisera styrningen av kontorets belysning med hjälp av närvarodetektering, ljusnivåmätningar och fördefinierade ljusscenarier. Projektet programmeras via Beckhoffs PLC-system, TwinC

The integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power is steadily increasing, which introduces challenges such as voltage fluctuations, reduced system stability, and lower power quality. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) can support the grid by providing services such as frequency regulation and peak shaving, contributing to a more stable and energy-efficient power system.

Denna kandidatuppsats beskriver utvecklingen av en bättre modell för att uppskatta den elektriska styrenhetens, (Electrical Control Unit), ECU-strömmen, i ett Gen VI ställdon, vilket används i moderna fyrhjulsdrivna fordon. Projektet genomfördes i samarbete med BorgWarner och är baserat på laboratorietester och elektriska simuleringar. Målet med modellen är att förbättra hur exakt ECU-strömmen uppThis bachelor's thesis describes the development of a better model to estimate the Electrical Control Unit, ECU current in a Gen VI actuator, which is used in modern all-wheel-drive vehicles. The project was done in collaboration with BorgWarner and is based on lab tests and electrical simulations. The goal of the model is to improve how accurately the ECU current is estimated. This is importa

Title: What’s in the box? - An embedded single-case study of Médecins Sans Frontières Operational Center Geneva to determine inventory holding costs within humanitarian logistics Authors: Ludvig Wenglén, Theo Larsson Malmstedt Supervisor: Joakim Kembro, Division of Engineering Logistics, Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund University Problem definition: Médecins Sans Frontières and the humanita

Batterilager i elnätet blir vanligare och större, till den grad att det är aktuellt med direk- tanslutning till transmissionsnätet. Som en del av elektrifieringen kan batterier spela en viktig roll för nätets stabilitet − de kan snabbt och exakt leverera mycket effekt, både in i och ut ur nätet. Detta gör dem särskilt lämpade för snabba reserver, såsom FCR-D och FFR. I varje punkt i elnätet finnsBattery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are becoming larger, to the extent that they are relevant to consider for direct connection to the transmission network. With increasing electrification, batteries could be useful for grid stability purposes. Their ability to rapidly and accurately deliver high power, both to and from the grid, makes them well-suited for fast system services such as FCR-D and

As the automation of industrial systems is becoming more and more complex, new methods are needed to further boost efficiency. Machine learning is a method where a computer learns to recognize complex patterns using large amounts of real-world data. The focus of this work is to leverage real-world industrial data from a sawmill to optimize one of the machines, the unscramblers. The unscrambler se

Då Sveriges grad av elektrifiering och mängd variabel energiproduktion ökar ställs elsystemet inför nya utmaningar. Dessa utmaningar består dels i att elsystemet ska hållas i balans, dels i att elnätet ska kunna hantera den ökade effektanvändningen. Vad gäller båda dessa utmaningar kan flexibilitet vara en del av lösningen. Flexibilitet är förmågan att anpassa produktion och konsumtion av el. AttAs the degree of electrification and the amount of variable electricity production increase, the Swedish electricity system faces some challenges. These challenges include balancing electricity consumption and production, and ensuring the ability of the grid to meet the rising power flows. Part of the solution to both problems could involve flexibility. Flexibility is the ability to adapt electric

Throughout the 21st century migration has become increasingly politicised in Sweden, a trend that was further intensified by the migration crisis in 2015. This development significantly heightened media attention to migration and positioned it as a central concern among the Swedish public. There has been a significant shift in the political landscape in Europe and Sweden as well, where anti-immigr