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This study compares the life-cycle costs of various conventional and emerging cooling systems in representative European climates and energy markets. Firstly, cooling demands and energy requirements of a multi-story office building are determined in compliance with local building codes in six different European locations. Life-cycle costs of various cooling systems are then calculated using locati
In most of the world, borehole heat exchangers used with closed-loop ground source heat pump systems are backfilled with a low permeability grout to prevent water contamination. However, in Scandinavian countries, a different approach is taken – the borehole is sealed at the top and cased down to solid bedrock. The borehole then naturally fills with groundwater in the annular space between the U-t
This paper proposes a new frequency domain method to model the heat transfer between the injected/extracted heat and the temperature of the fluid exiting a borehole heat exchanger. The method is based on in situ measurements and focuses particularly on the short-term borehole heat transfer. It uses a rational function of the Warburg variable in the Laplace domain to model the borehole heat transfe
