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Abstract. My main claim is that explanations are fundamentally about relations between concepts and not, for example, essentially requiring laws, causes, or particular initial conditions. Nor is their linguistic form essential. I begin by showing that this approach solves some well-known old problems and then proceeds to argue my case using heuristic analogies with mathematical proofs. I find that
Historically , the fire safety code systems now in force had to be written without actually stating their objective level of safety and, still far less , without any analytical measurement of the objectives involved. For this reason, there is an urgent need for future attempts to evaluate the levels of safety inherent in present local and national fire protection regulations. Lack of knowledge wit
Rotational bands have been found in Co-57 and Ni-57, using Gammasphere in conjunction with the Microball and 30 neutron detectors. The bands in Co-57, extending the mass 60 region of deformation down to Z = 27, are signature partner sequences. The quadrupole moments and dynamic moments of inertia of the new bands in both nuclei are similar to those of rotational sequences in the neighboring nuclei
Extractability of red pigment from red beetroot was investigated using pulsed electric field (PEF) treated tissue in a solid-liquid extraction process. Thin disks of the tissue were subjected to PEF at different intensities and, 3-4 min after the treatment, the release of red pigment and ionic species into an isotonic solution was measured in situ using a spectrophotometer and a conductivity meter
Deficiency of complement components within the classical pathway is associated with increased risk for immune complex disease. However, C2-deficient individuals often have a mild disease and about 50% are healthy. To study the importance of the different components for immune complex clearance, bovine serum albumin (BSA)/anti-BSA complexes were opsonized in human serum and the binding to erythrocy
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a persistent inflammation of the synovium, leading to the erosion of articular cartilage and bone. Synovial mast cells and their effector molecule, histamine, receive increased attention as mediators of joint inflammation. The aim of our study was to analyse levels of free histamine in serum and joint fluid of RA patients and to e
The Anti-lock Braking System is an important component of the steeringsystem in a modern car. In the latestgeneration of brake-by-wire systems, the performance requirementson the ABS are much higher. The controllers have to be able to maintain aspecified tire slip for each wheel during braking. The authors proposea design model and based on that a gain-scheduled controller thatregulates the tire-s
54 human genes were selected as test targets for parallel cloning, expression, purification and crystallization. Proteins from these genes were selected to have a molecular weight of between 14 and 50 kDa, not to have a high percentage of hydrophobic residues (i.e. more likely to be soluble) and to have no known crystal structures and were not known to be subunits of heterocomplexes. Four proteins
Injectable bone substitutes (IBS) based on calcium phosphate (CaP) and/or calcium sulphate (CaS) are used as fillers in bone defects to stimulate bone integration and allow mechanical loading. Two types of IBS, IBS-1 is CaP+20%CaS and IBS-2 is CaS+40% hydroxyapatite, were investigated. The materials were injected into holes in the femur and tibia in rabbits. After 10 weeks the femora were subjecte
To estimate the incidence and extension of visceral organ infarction, and to evaluate potential causes, in patients with autopsy-verified nonocclusive mesenteric ischaemia (NOMI) and transmural intestinal infarction. In Malmo, Sweden, the autopsy rate between 1970 and 1982 was 87%, creating possibilities for a population-based study. Amongst 23 446 clinical autopsies, 997 cases were coded for inte
In nature, the fusion of phospholipid vesicles is regulated and catalyzed by highly specialized SNARE proteins. A key step in this process is to bring about close apposition of the lipid bilayers that are destined to fuse. Inspired by nature's use of molecular recognition between receptor proteins, we developed a method to force bilayers into proximity by the selective hybridization of membrane-an
The clinical importance of asymptomatic proximal and distal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) remains uncertain and controversial. The aim of this retrospective, post-hoc analysis was to examine mortality and risk factors for development of proximal DVT in hospitalized patients with acute medical illness who were recruited into a randomized, prospective clinical trial of thromboprophylaxis with daltepari
We report on experimental branching fractions (BFs) for 19 transitions from the three 3d 5( 6S)4s4p( 3P) y6P levels in Fe II, measured in Fourier transform spectra of a Penning discharge lamp and a hollow cathode lamp. The transition wavelengths span the interval between 1600 and 2850 Å. Absolute oscillator strengths ( f-values) have been derived by combining the BFs with experimental radiative li
In the Baltic Sea, floating blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria occur yearly during late summer. These blooms can sometimes be limited by iron. Due to extensive foresting around the Baltic Sea, iron is entering the Baltic Sea partly bound to dissolved organic material (DOM) via rivers. An experiment was performed in 300 1 laboratory mesocosms to test the hypothesis that riverine high-molecular
The gain of neurotoxic function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been linked to misfolding of the homodimeric enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD). Here, we present the crystal structure of fully cysteine-depleted human SOD (SOD (CallA)), representing a reduced, marginally stable intermediate on the folding pathway in vivo that has also been implicated as neurotoxic precursor state. A
