Optogenetics allow for timely precise and cell-population specific activation or inhibition of neuronal activity. Hallorhodopsin NpHR is an inward cholride pump, which when activated by orange light, hyperpolarises neuronal membrane and inhibitis action potential generation. We were first to show that transduction of principal neurons with NpHR in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures effectivey

During the past decade, CEC has been one of the few novel achievements in the field of separation science attracting a wide interest. The technology progress permitted the realization of the long-sought idea to employ an electroosmotically driven flow through the columns improving the separations in terms of both resolution and efficiency. The early practical obstacles related to the use of conven

Rett syndrome (RTT) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene MECP2 coding for methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). This protein can act as transcriptional repressor and we showed in a previous study that glucocorticoid-inducible genes are up-regulated in a RTT mouse model and that these genes are direct MeCP2 targets. Here, we report that pharmacological intervention with the

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted from the parathyroid glands in response to low plasma calcium levels. Besides its classical actions on bone and kidney, PTH may have other important effects, including metabolic effects, as suggested for instance by increased prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Moreover, secondary hyperparathyroidi

Autoantibodies developing in humans contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases, and injected therapeutic antibodies can also trigger adverse side effects. An efficient and rapid elimination of these antibodies are therefore critically needed. Antibody removal by plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption are commonly used methods but have their own limitations. Bacterial enzymes that can cleave I

During Botswana’s four decades of high levels of growth the agricultural sector has lagged behind and productivity among smallholders has been especially poor. In the article an equity perspective is applied in the analysis. The main claim is that one important explanation for the current lack of agricultural development is the unequal distribution of agricultural resources. It takes into account

Abstract Microalbuminuria is an early sign of diabetic nephropathy. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the changes of the glomerular filtration barrier in early experimental diabetes are due to size- or charge-selective alterations. Wistar rats, made diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) and having their blood glucose maintained at approximately 20 mM for 3 or 9 wk, were compared w

In Norwegian, a weak quantifier or a scalar adjective with a positive value may combine with a definite noun and thereby form an attenuating NPI. These phrases, which I call predicative definite NPIs, are exceptional as nominal phrases, since they do not accept a prenominal definiteness marker despite their overall definiteness, and they are exceptional as attenuating NPIs, since they are templati

PURPOSE: Evaluate the effects of radiotherapy after sector resection for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) in patient groups as defined by age, size of the lesion, focality, completeness of excision and mode of detection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1,067 women in Sweden were randomly assigned to either postoperative radiotherapy (RT) or control from 1987 to 1999, and 1,046 were f

Chronic pain and physical disability are well-known problems after primary groin hernia surgery, but the outcome after recurrent hernia surgery is much less known.

Background: Sleep disturbances are common problems among individuals in hospitals and institutions. Although several studies have explored this phenomenon, there is still a lack of knowledge about the effectiveness of sleep-promoting nursing interventions. This systematic review aims to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of sleep-promoting nursing interventions in health care settings. Approa

L-DOPA remains the gold-standard treatment for Parkinson's disease but causes motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) has been proposed as a target for antidyskinetic therapies. Here, we evaluate the effects of fenobam, a noncompetitive mGluR5 antagonist already tested in humans, using rodent and nonhuman primate models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. In bo

The complexities involved in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (primary SS) were examined by designing and testing an instrument for evaluating the occurrence and severity of various biopsychosocial stressors as perceived by primary SS patients (63 women, 6 men) and at examining the situational patterns involved in appraising and coping with stressful episodes. The results indicated symptoms of fatigue,

Patients undergoing arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) are at increased risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Meniscal damage and/or surgery may alter knee joint loading to increase OA risk. We investigated changes in knee joint loading following medial APM surgery, compared with the contra-lateral leg.

New Information Systems Development Methodologies (ISDMs) are suggested in the belief that their deployment would be beneficial to consultants in their work. A large number of ISDMs already exist but their value has been questioned and at the same time new methodologies continue to be introduced in an attempt to support and improve the practice of information systems development work. What is not

The fact that breast cancer patients with local or distal dissemination exhibit decreased survival, promotes a search for novel mechanisms to suppress such tumor progression. Here we have determined the expression of pro-inflammatory cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLTRs) in breast tumor tissue and their signaling effect on breast cancer cell functions related to tumor progression. Patients wit

The intestinal epithelium and underlying lamina propria contains large numbers of T cells that play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and defense against intestinal pathogens. Recent years have seen several significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating T-cell localization to the intestinal mucosa. For instance, we now know that the small intestine 'im