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Cerebellar learning requires context information from mossy fibers and a teaching signal through the climbing fibers from the inferior olive. Although the inferior olive fires in bursts, virtually all studies have used a teaching signal consisting of a single pulse. Following a number of failed attempts to induce cerebellar learning in decerebrate ferrets with a nonburst signal, we tested the effe
Cholera toxin (CT) binds to GM1-ganglioside receptors present on all nucleated cells. Despite this, it is a very potent mucosal adjuvant that has a dramatic impact on immune cells, as well as nerve and epithelial cells, causing diarrhea. This fact has hampered our understanding of whether the adjuvanticity of CT is direct or indirect, as cells that bind CT may or may not be involved in its adjuvan
Volatiles from chocolate mediate upwind flight behavior in Ephestia cautella and Plodia interpunctella. We used gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection and found 12 active compounds derived from three different chocolate types, i.e., plain, nut-containing, and rum-flavored. Eight of the compounds were identified with mass spectrometry, and the activity of three compounds, ethyl van
This article discusses the currently used methodologies for monitoring exocytosis as changes in cell capacitance. Details are given on composition of solutions, experimental protocols, and how the observed responses can be interpreted physiologically. The concepts are illustrated by examples from our own work on insulin-releasing pancreatic P-cells. Finally, we consider the feasibility of applying
Background: Cytokine response is an important factor in the development of shock and organ failure. The aim of this study was to investigate intraperitoneal (peritoneal) and venous (systemic) postoperative cytokine release after major surgery. Methods: Major abdominal surgery was performed in 19 patients. Preoperative systemic measurements and postoperative systemic and peritoneal measurements of
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of specific components of Andersen's behavioural model on adult individuals' perceived oral treatment need. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to a randomly selected sample of 9,690 individuals, 20 to 89 years old, living in Skane, Sweden. The 58 questions, some with follow-up questions, were answered by 6,123 individuals; a 63% res
This paper presents a mathematical approach and numerical model that simulates beach and dune change in response to cross-shore processes of dune growth by wind and dune erosion by storms, and by gradients in longshore sand transport that will alter shoreline position. Sub-aerial transport processes are represented, whereas sub-aqueous transport is neglected. The system is tightly coupled morpholo
The p53 tumor suppressor gene regulates growth arrest and apoptosis after DNA damage. Recent studies suggest that p53 is inactive in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in human angioplasty restenosis, promoting VSMC accumulation and vessel stenosis. In contrast, the success of irradiation (brachytherapy) for in-stent restenosis argues that DNA-damage p53 responses are intact. We examined p53 exp
In this paper, it is demonstrated that a single-receptor biosensor can be used to quantitatively determine each analyte in binary Mixtures LIS in multivariate data analysis tools based on the dynamic responses received from flow injection peaks. Mixtures with different concentrations of two phenolic compounds, catechol and 4-chlorophenol, were measured with a graphite electrode modified with tyros
This doctoral dissertation concerns two-dimensional frequency estimation for modal analysis of single-input multiple-output impact responses from circularly cylindrical objects. The application is within detection of internal defects in trunks of spruce. The material consists of impact responses from 94 trees, with 66 sound and 28 in various stages of decay. Paper I proposes that modal analysis o
In previous studies, glucagon receptor knockout mice (Gcgr(-/-)) display reduced blood glucose and increased glucose tolerance, with hyperglucagonemia and increased levels of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. However, the role of glucagon receptor signaling for the regulation of islet function and insulin sensitivity is unknown. We therefore explored P-cell function and insulin sensitivity in Gcgr(-/
Objective-Treatment strategies for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) are based on the TNM classification. Biological markers that can predict the response to therapy have so far not been introduced. The objective of this study was to investigate cyclin D1 deregulation relative to sensitivity to cisplatin. Material and Methods-This was a laboratory study of 23 established Univers
Data from field experiments carried out in the swash zone on two Pacific beaches in Japan were analyzed to determine net sediment transport rates and the resulting foreshore response. The experiments involved artificial modification of the foreshore slope with a bulldozer, either making the slope steeper or milder, after which a wide range of measurements were performed as the slope evolved back t
Although long-acting inhaled beta(2)-agonists improve various outcome measures in COPD, no double-blind study has yet shown a significant effect of these drugs on exercise capacity. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, patients received formoterol (4.5,9, or 18 mug b.i.d via Turbuhaler(R)), ipratroplum bromide (80 mug t.i.d via pMDI with spacer), or placebo for I wee
A sensitive biosensor has been developed for the neurotoxin beta-N-oxalyl-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (beta-ODAP) contained in the seeds of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) and for L-glutamate based on glutamate oxidase (GlOx) and a Prussian blue (PB) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The configuration of the system is so as to detect the hydrogen peroxide released during the enzymatic cycle
Emotional contagion – the alignment of emotions between individuals through behavioral synchronization – is proposed as a key, basic component of human social cognition and empathy. In the field of cognitive zoology, contagious behaviors have also received attention. Several such behaviors have been documented in various species. Nevertheless, emotional and behavioral contagion differ. Emotional c
The present day global climate change is fueled by our use of fossil fuels and land use change. The already observed warming and other distinct changes in the climate system stem from these human influences and are ongoing. Due to climate system inertia, a part of the climate system's response to this historical forcing remains to manifest itself, which it will do over time. At the same time, soci
Genomic aberrations of key regulators of the apoptotic pathway have hardly been identified in neuroblastoma. We detected high BCL2 mRNA and protein levels in the majority of neuroblastoma tumours by Affymetrix expression profiling and Tissue Micro Array analysis. This BCL2 mRNA expression is strongly elevated compared to normal tissues and other malignancies. Most neuroblastoma cell lines lack thi
Physiological studies on olfaction frequently ignore the airborne quantities of stimuli reaching the sensory organ. We used a gas chromatography-calibrated photoionization detector to estimate quantities released from standard Pasteur pipette stimulus cartridges during repeated puffing of 27 compounds and verified how lack of quantification could obscure olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) affinities.
