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Introduction: Smoking may reduce the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but its impact on bronchodilator efficacy is unclear. This analysis of the EMAX trial explored efficacy and safety of dual- versus mono-bronchodilator therapy in current or former smokers with COPD. Methods: The 24-week EMAX trial evaluated lung function, sy

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa threatens the success of HIV programs. We have characterized patterns of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) during the initial year of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV-positive adults receiving care at Ethiopian health centers and investigated the impact of tuberculosis on DRM acquisition.METHODS: Part

Background: Studies investigating postural orientation in uninjured youth athletes are scarce. Understanding how postural orientation during functional performance tests change with age in uninjured athletes has the potential to enhance awareness of changes in performance after injury and to set realistic goals for injured athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore postural orientation d

Hypothesis: The self-assembly of long tail sugar-based surfactants into worm-like micelles has recently been demonstrated, and the rheological properties of such systems have been shown to be tuneable through subtle modifications of the molecular characteristics of the surfactant monomer. In particular, the anomeric configuration of the hexadecylmaltoside headgroup was shown to induce profound cha

Contemporary evidence suggests that climate change and other co-occurring large-scale environmental changes, such as eutrophication, will have a considerable impact on aquatic communities. However, the interactions of these environmental changes on trophic interactions among zooplankton remain largely unknown. Here we present results of a mesocosm experiment examining how a couple of zooplankton p

Are daughters of older mothers less fertile? The human mutation rate is high and increases with chronological age. As female oocytes age, they become less functional, reducing female chances at successful reproduction. Increased oocyte mutation loads at advanced age may be passed on to offspring, decreasing fertility among daughters born to older mothers. In this paper we study the effects of mate

Objectives Socioeconomic disparities in smoking prevalence remain a challenge to public health. The objective of this study was to present a simple methodology that displays intersectional patterns of smoking and quantify heterogeneities within groups to avoid inappropriate and potentially stigmatising conclusions exclusively based on group averages. Setting This is a cross-sectional observational

AIM Enterococci cause 2-11% of all prosthetic joint infections (PJI) and are generally considered difficult to treat. However, study-results are not consistent. In this study we present a population-based case series of 55 cases with enterococcal PJI, investigating treatment and outcome, as well as describing the affected patient population regarding demography and co-morbidities. METHODS We ident

In situ studies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can provide insights to how properties, structures and compositions of nanostructures are affected and evolving when exerted to heat or chemical exposure. While high-resolved imaging can be obtained continuously, at video-framerates of hundreds of frames per second (fps), compositional analysis struggles with time resolution due to the l

The ability to control the shape, distribution and composition of non-metallic inclusions has had an important impact on many aspects of steel making. One such impact is on the machinability. Ca-treatments have shown to be able to reduce the abrasiveness of oxide inclusions, improve chip-breaking and lead to formation of deposits that reduce tool wear. However, machining Ca-treated steels with Al2

The primary tool material when machining Ti6Al4V titanium alloy is uncoated straight cemented carbide. This study examines the performance of these materials during high-speed finish turning, and uses the advanced microscopy methods of SEM, (S)TEM, XEDS, and SAED to explore the fundamental tool wear mechanisms. The wear modes include a combination of flank wear and rake cratering. Four individual

Introduction: Data on outcome in persons with haemophilia B (PwHB) are limited and mainly extrapolated from studies of haemophilia A (HA). Aim: To characterize treatment outcomes in persons with severe HB in the Nordic region, with a focus on joint health, compared with matched controls with HA. Methods: PwHB attending haemophilia centres in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden were enrolled and ma

Understanding energy transport in metal halide perovskites is essential to effectively guide further optimization of materials and device designs. However, difficulties to disentangle charge carrier diffusion, photon recycling, and photon transport have led to contradicting reports and uncertainty regarding which mechanism dominates. In this study, monocrystalline CsPbBr3 nanowires serve as 1D mod

Hard turning of helical gear hubs produced from low-carbon alloyed steel with a bulk hardness of HRC 35, and case hardened up to HRC 60–63 with PCBN tools was considered in this study. The workpieces after heat treatment are characterized by a non-uniform thickness of the hardened surface layer which results in a high variation of measured HRC hardness. The deviation of surface microhardness is ev

Only one fifth of children aged 11–17 years are physically active for 60 min (min)/day. As physical activity (PA) levels track from childhood to adulthood, it is important to establish healthy PA behavior early in life. This study aims to evaluate whether daily school PA is associated with objectively measured PA independently of other socioecological factors. This study includes 209 children (120

Nanowires require surface passivation due to their inherent large surface to volume ratio. We investigate the effect of embedding InP nanowires in different oxides with respect to surface passivation by use of electron beam induced current measurements enabled by a nanoprobe based system inside a scanning electron microscope. The measurements reveal remote doping due to fixed charge carriers in th

Compared to petroleum diesel, renewable diesel fuels and exhaust aftertreatment systems can reduce primary exhaust emissions that are hazardous to human health and the environment. Secondary aerosol emissions which form upon atmospheric processing have, however, been less studied. This study aimed to quantify the impacts of replacing petroleum diesel with renewable fuels (hydrotreated vegetable oi