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Offentliga upphandlingar utgör en stor del av de svenska och europeiska marknaderna och har sedan länge varit föremål för reglering som bland annat ska minska risken för korruption och säkerställa ett effektivt utnyttjande av offentliga medel. Sedan Sveriges tillträde i Europeiska ekonomiska samarbetsområdet 1992 har upphandlingsreglerna utgått från dem som framarbetats av Europeiska unionen. Det Public procurement constitutes a large part of Swedish and European markets and has since long been subject to regulation in order to, inter alia, decrease the risk of corruption and securing an effective use of public means. Since Sweden’s entry to the European Economic Area in 1992, existing rules of public procurement have originated from the rules drafted by the European Union. There exists a

I Sverige råder strandskydd vid alla vattensamlingar och vattendrag. Lagstift-ningen är ett resultat av en rättsutveckling som pågått sedan 1940-talet. År 1974 fick Sverige ett generellt strandskydd med möjlighet för dispens för den enskilde. Under 1990-talet utvecklades strandskyddets syften till att även omfatta skydd för djur- och växtarter. Idag debatteras strandskyddets framtid i riksmedia oc

Att narkotikabruket är kriminaliserat enligt 1 § 6 p. narkotikastrafflagen innebär att de individer som (miss)brukar narkotika berövas sin frihet genom straff om de upptäcks. Ett sådant frihetsberövande är den mest ingripande åtgärden staten äger att utöva gentemot samhällets medborgare. Makten innebär därför att staten bör förhålla sig restriktiv i sin användning av sanktioner och endast straffbeThe fact that drug use is criminalized under article 1 (6) of the Narcotic Drugs Penal Law means that individuals who use drugs are deprived of their freedom trough punishment if they are discovered. Such deprivation of liberty is the most intrusive measure the state has to exercise towards members of the society. The authorithy therefore means that the state should be restrictive in its use of sa

Under 2018 dödades 22 kvinnor och 4 män i Sverige av en närstående de är eller har varit i relation med. Våld kan förekomma i olika typer av relationer och följer samma mönster oavsett parternas sexualitet eller inneboende maktrelation. Genom systematisk psykisk nedbrytning och isolering normaliseras våldet i relationen. Under vissa förhållanden har en person som utsätts för ett pågående eller öve

Immune function is an important parameter in almost all organisms which determines their ability to survive and fight off pathogens. Immune function (like other physiological functions) is temperature dependent. So that opens the question of how immune function is in poikilotherms. Being poikilotherm means that the species depends on the ambient temperature for body heat regulation. I used crucian

Sverige har inte befunnit sig i krig på mer än 200 år. Detta till trots, har svensk domstol sedan sekelskiftet handlagt mål som rör krigsförbrytelse. Målen härrör från våldsamma konflikter, såsom i Syrien och Irak, och svensk domstol ställs inför svåra frågor i samband med lagföringen av bland annat svenska medborgare som färdats till konfliktområdet och där deltagit i stridigheterna. VåldsanvänEven though Sweden has not been at war for more than 200 years, Swedish courts have since the turn of the century had to deal with cases involving war crimes. Swedish courts are faced with difficult questions in connection with the prosecution of, among others, Swedish citizens who has travelled to conflict areas, such as Syria and Iraq, and participated in the warfare. The use of force in an arm

Att undersöka stjärnor i infrarött är en relativt ny företeelse till skillnad från optisk astronomi (dvs. synligt ljus). Det var först på 60-talet med teleskopet Stratoscope II som man lyckades få spektra från stjärnor i infrarött (våglängder på runt 3 m), och upptäckte förekomsten av vatten i kalla röda jättar. Den bakomliggade problematiken till varför modern infraröd astronomi är så ungt är våThe advent of infrared astronomy, unlike optical astronomy that was developed over centuries, was delayed until the space age due to our own atmosphere acting as an efficient shield towards this radiation. With a lot of molecules (including water) emitting in the infrared region, it was first in the late 1990s that water no longer was deemed special and was observed in many cooler (K-M) giant star

Interest in biofuel use is growing in aviation, due to its potential for lower GHG lifecycle emissions and as a possible price competitive alternative to fossil fuels in the long-term (ATAG, 2012). While the use of biofuels in aviation is a new phenomenon, compared to the automotive industry, several actors from the industry and governments have been involved in various initiatives to research, te

Abstract Author: Patricia Pawlowska and Fatime Juka Title: Substitute treatment – the way out of an addiction or continuation of a long – term addiction? A qualitative study of substitute treatment from a user perspective. Supervisor: Erika Werner Keywords: substitute treatment, subutex, methadone, drug abuse and heroin. Aim: the aim of this study is to investigate how former drug addicts perce

The construction sector is often criticized for its lack of efficiency and quality.When the construction industry is compared to the rest of the domestic manufacturing industry, the general conclusions of the industry’s low efficiency is confirmed. The purpose has been to clarify why there is no sustainable building, despite the well-developed technology that now is available. The report also exam

At Tetra Pak the liquid packages are constantly developed and refined to fill the customer’s needs. A powerful tool is simulation, to evaluate the design of a new package early in the development process. To determine the performance of beverage packages at Tetra Pak different tests are made in different ways to make secure that they meet the requirements. The pouring performance of a package is a

In this study, we investigate the valorization of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF), a versatile and pivotal renewable C6 platform chemical, into a C12 heteroaromatic triol, 5,5′-bis(hydroxymethyl)furoin (DHMF), and a C12 heteroaromatic diol, 5,5′-bis(hydroxymethyl)furil (BHMF). The carboligation of 5-HMF to DHMF is catalyzed by an N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3,4-triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triaz

BACKGROUND: School principals face a demanding work situation that puts them at risk for stress-related poor mental health. Ideally, preventive actions should be based on knowledge about the underlying notions that motivate action. However, knowledge about prevention areas and suitable initiatives for school principals is scarce or lacking, leaving key stakeholders without the overview necessary f

A comparison between three different types of particle sizing instruments (fast mobility particle sizer, FMPS; electrical low pressure impactor, ELPI; and scanning mobility particle sizer, SMPS) and one condensation particle counter (CPC) was made to compare instrument response in terms of size distributions and number concentration. Spherical oil droplets in 39 different sizes, with geometric mea

In this study, we assessed the performance of discharge simulations by coupling the runoff from seven Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs; LPJ, ORCHIDEE, Sheffield-DGVM, TRIFFID, LPJ-GUESS, CLM4CN, and OCN) to one river routing model for 16 large river basins. The results show that the seasonal cycle of river discharge is generally modeled well in the low and middle latitudes but not in the hi

Nanoparticles are widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries, but the consequences of exposure to the human body have not been thoroughly investigated. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoAI), the major protein in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and other lipoproteins are found in the corona around many nanopartides, but data on protein structural and functional effects are lacking. Here we investig

This consensus statement is the product of the Second International Think Tank on Athlete Mental Health, held on the initiative of the International Society of Sport Psychology. The purposes of the Think Tank were to engage international sport psychology societies and organisations in a discussion about athlete mental health as embedded in an Olympic/Paralympic cycle, and to develop practical reco

The potential catastrophic event of a landslide bringing contaminants to surface waters has been highlighted in public media, but there are still few scientific studies analyzing the risk of landslides with contaminated soil. The aim of this study is to present a method to estimate the risk of potential long-term ecological effects on water bodies due to contaminated soil released into a river thr

Aims: Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are typically diagnosed at a young age and exposed to lifelong hyperglycaemia. Despite improved metabolic control, the risk of vascular complications remains challenging. However, some individuals remain free from developing major diabetic complications even after long duration, so-called “escapers”. This study investigated transcriptomic biomarkers lin

In this work, we investigate the cryogenic performance of hafnia-based ferroelectric capacitors with and without an aluminum oxide (ALO) interlayer, comparing conventional metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) structures to metal-ferroelectric-insulator-metal (MFIM) counterparts. Devices employing Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 as the ferroelectric layer were characterized from 300 K down to 10 K, targeting temperature r