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Purpose: For exercise testing of COPD patients, a standard endurance test (ET) with constant workload is recommended. The test suffers from large inter-individual variability and need for large sample sizes in order to evaluate treatment effects. Methods: A new protocol for ET in COPD was designed. In contrast to the standard ET, the new ET involved an increasing workload in order to reduce the st
Bacteriophages exert strong selective pressure on bacterial populations and play a central role in shaping microbial evolution. In response to phage predation, bacteria have evolved diverse antiphage defence mechanisms that interfere with viral replication through a wide range of molecular strategies. Recent genomic studies have revealed a rapidly expanding repertoire of candidate defence systems,
Agricultural intensification in Europe has affected farmland bird populations negatively, both during summer and winter. Although the migratory period poses separate challenges on birds than breeding and wintering, the consequences of farming practices for birds during migration remain poorly investigated. We monitored abundance and species richness of migratory birds in autumn at matched pairs of
This thesis is a summary of five papers concerning endocyclic cleavage of glycosides and related acetals. Simple lactol ethers undergo endocyclic cleavage to give acyclic chain extended products on treatment with organoaluminium and organotitanium reagents. The first examples where organotitanium reagents induced alkylative endocyclic cleavage of carbohydrates is presented. The best conditions for
Magnetization Transfer Contrast (MTC) and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) experiments measure the transfer of magnetization from molecular protons to the solvent water protons, an effect that becomes apparent as an MRI signal loss ("saturation"). This allows molecular information to be accessed with the enhanced sensitivity of MRI. In analogy to Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS),
The problem of empty names derives from the fact that empty names fail to refer. The reference failure of empty names implies that sentences containing empty names lack truth-conditions. As a consequence those sentences are meaningless, according to many theories of meaning. The present dissertation addresses the problem of empty names and proposes a solution to the problem at hand. In brief, the
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) has largely been associated with self-harm and chronic suicidality, despite the fact that these behaviours comprise only one diagnostic criterion. Treatments for self-harm are mostly indicated for individuals with BPD. Emerging literature suggests that youth with histories of depression are at risk of both self-harm and completed suicide. For individuals with
1. Using data from a 9-year study of the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus L. carried out in Sweden, I tested the main assumption of the polygyny threshold model (that there is a cost of polygyny) and the main prediction (that this cost is compensated for). The main question was whether a female that chose a mated male (secondary females) experienced the same fitness as a female that at
OBJECTIVE: Atherosclerosis is believed to be a minor cause of TIA and stroke in younger and middle-aged patients. However, data from large cohorts are limited. This study investigates the prevalence of extracranial and intracranial atherosclerosis in stroke and TIA patients aged 18-55 years in the multinational sifap1 study. METHODS: From the sifap1 cohort (n = 5,023), we analyzed a subset of pati
Popular Abstract in Swedish Modellering och krav för automation av gradningsprocess
Popular Abstract in Swedish Proteiner är nödvändiga beståndsdelar i en levande cell. Dels bygger de upp viktiga strukturer och dels katalyserar de kemiska reaktioner. Proteiner kodas av gener. Varje protein motsvaras av en gen. Vägen från gen till protein är densamma i alla organismer på jorden. Först transkriberas en gen till en molekyl kallad mRNA (budbärar-RNA, eng. messenger RNA). Detta mRNA aDegradation of mRNA is a controlled process which is as important for gene regulation as the synthesis of mRNA. This thesis focuses on mechanisms of mRNA stability and degradation in Bacillus subtilis, the model of Gram-positive bacteria. The aprE mRNA, encoding an exported protease named subtilisin, is extremely stable with a half-life of more than 25 minutes. Average mRNA half-lives in B. subtil
Bias caused by collecting and processing bulk samples is largely independent of what fossil clade or mineral is searched for. Instead, different methods bias the data to a different, frequently very large, degree. Furthermore, biases accumulate with each recovery step, and the sum may be extreme unless appropriate methods to minimize it are employed. The effects depend on what the data are used fo
Popular Abstract in Swedish DNA är en molekyl som finns närvarande i stan alla celler och den innehåller den genetiska koden för utvecklingen av alla former av liv. Molekylen är väldigt tunn (2 nanometer i diameter) och lång - mänskligt DNA skulle vara ca en meter lång i utsträckt tillstånd. Inuti cellerna antar DNA en superkompakt struktur för att få plats inuti en cellkärna med bara ca 10 mikromThe structure, hydration, and dynamics of concentrated DNA-amphiphile complexes were investigated by small-angle X-ray diffraction, sorption calorimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. A concentrated, electroneutral, DNA-amphiphile complex can be formed by mixing charge-stoichiometric solutions. The effect is a strong association of DNA with the oppositely charged amphiphile resulting in the form
Popular Abstract in Swedish Hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar som till exempel åderförkalkning utgör en av världens vanligaste dödsorsaker. I den här avhandlingen har vi utvecklat olika metoder som med hjälp av bildanalys ger värdefull information om kärlväggen i syfte att förbättra kunskapen om artärer och framförallt åderförkalkning. I avhandlingen presenteras fem olika metoder som alla är baserade på biAtherosclerosis is one of the major causes of death in the world. It is an inflammatory disease in the arteries which causes a gradual increase in arterial wall thickness and stiffness. Eventually a plaque could be formed, protruding into the artery and partially occluding the blood flow. Rupture of such a plaque could cause cardiac infarction or stroke. This dissertation revolves around finding b
Popular Abstract in Swedish Denna avhandling beskriver arbetet med att finna en effektiv metod för att rena glykoproteiner. Glykoproteiner är en grupp biomolekyler som består av ett skelett av protein där ett antal socker-molekyler är fästa. Glykoproteiner finns i alla virus, mikroorganismer, växter och djur. Där består deras uppgifter bland annat i att bilda strukturelement som cellväggar, de funGlycoproteins, a class of biomolecules, exhibit a variety of biological activities and therefore are of importance in modern biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. Pure glycoproteins are needed for structural and functional studies. However, the separation of glycoproteins has been a problem until now due to their structural complexity. Efficient separation techniques are thus required. This
