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I ett internationellt syndikerat låneförfarande går en grupp banker, under ledning av en så kallad arrangörsbank, ihop för att tillsammans finansiera en låntagares kapitalbehov. Det karaktäristiska för arrangemanget, som kan involvera allt från två till flera hundra långivare och enorma summor pengar, är att samtliga deltagande långivare ingår individuella låneavtal med låntagaren vilka samlas undAn international syndicated loan consists of a collection of two or more separate loans made by individual banks to one borrower, which are governed by a single agreement and subject to the same terms and conditions. The arrangement, which may involve everything from just a few to hundreds of banks and enormous amounts of money, offers many advantages for borrowers since it may allow for a more fl

Freedom of movement is a necessity for the European Union. According to Article 8a EEC, which was inserted by the Single European Act in 1987, the Member States of the European Union have committed themselves to achieve an internal market and thus abolish all obstacles that may impede the free movement of goods, services, capital and persons. The right to free movement of persons is one of these f

Background: There is a close association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and prevalent chronic kidney disease (CKD). Few longitudinal studies exist. No previous study has investigated to what extent CKD affects mortality in biopsy-proven NAFLD. Our aim was to investigate the long-term risk of developing CKD in biopsy-proven NAFLD and its effect on mortality. Methods: Patients wi

Jordens plattektoniska rörelser leder till tektoniska skeenden vid plattgränserna, bland annat bergskedjebildning, då berggrunden utsätts för förändringar i tryck och temperatur. Vid ändrat tryck och ändrad temperatur förändras också bergarter: de ursprungliga mineralen konsumeras i kemiska reaktioner och i stället bildas nya mineral som är stabila vid de nya fysikaliska förhållandena - en processDating of metamorphic events is crucial for the understanding and reconstruction of large-scale geological processes such as orogenesis. Zircon is one of the most commonly used minerals for dating of igneous and metamorphic events. Zircon incorporates uranium and excludes lead during crystallization, and with time the uranium decays to lead. The diffusion rates of both elements are slow, making zi

Pancreatic islet hormones regulate blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in blood glucose induce oscillations of cytosolic calcium in pancreatic islet cells that trigger secretion of three main hormones: insulin (from β-cells), glucagon (α-cells) and somatostatin (δ-cells). β-Cells, which make up the majority of islet cells and are electrically coupled to each other, respond to the glucose stimulus a

The Benguela Upwelling System (BUS), located between 30 and 20°S, is one of the fundamental high-productivity systems of the world ocean. The BUS has previously been studied in terms of primary productivity and ecology over glacial-interglacial timescales; however, the response and coupling with the benthic environment have received little attention. Here, for the first time, we present a high-res

Background: Reliable biomarkers of androgen activity in humans are lacking. The aim of this study was, therefore, to identify new protein markers of biological androgen activity and test their predictive value in relation to low vs normal testosterone values and some androgen deficiency linked pathologies. Methods: Blood samples from 30 healthy GnRH antagonist treated males were collected at three

The utilization of low calorific value gases (LCVG) in combustion devices presents particular challenges in terms of ignition and sustained combustion stability due to the presence of non-combustible components. Moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion has emerged as a promising technology for LCVG combustion, offering numerous advantages such as high combustion efficiency, reduce

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are considered as one of the most important next-generation energy conversion technologies. AEMFCs convert chemical energy into useful electrical energy and have great potential forachieving high conversion efficiencies. In addition, the faster oxygen reduction kinetics under alkaline conditions are advantageous for the use of non-noble metal catalysts (

Konflikter mellan olika samhällsgrupper och människors fördomar har länge intresserat samhällsvetenskapliga forskare. Många har också sökt svar på frågan om vad som kan göras för att överbrygga och minska dessa klyftor, splittringar och fördomar. Denna avhandling relaterar till denna diskussion och forskningsprocessen har ägt rum i flera steg. Först har en experimentell praxis utvecklats för att mConflicts between different social groups and people's prejudices have interested social science researchers for a long time. Many have also sought answers to the question of what can be done to bridge and reduce these gaps, divisions and prejudices. This dissertation relates to these discussions and the research process has taken place in several stages. First, an experimental practice has been d

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to develop a risk model for intraoperative complication (IC) during cataract surgery, defined as posterior capsule rupture and/or zonular dehiscence, and to include previous intravitreal therapy (pIVT) in the model.METHODS: This retrospective register-based study covered patients reported to the Swedish National Cataract Register (SNCR) between 1 January

BACKGROUND: Endocrine resistance is a major obstacle to optimal treatment effect in breast cancer. Some genetic markers have been proposed to predict response to aromatase inhibitors (AIs) but the data is insufficient. The aim of the study was to find new genetic treatment predictive markers of AIs.METHODS: The ongoing population-based BC-blood study in Lund, Sweden includes women with primary bre

The core protein of proteoglycans from cartilage is substituted with glycosaminoglycans as well as N- and O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides. We have taken advantage of the long intracellular half-life of the core protein precursor to the rat chondrosarcma proteoglycan to study the temporal relationship between the addition of the chondroitin sulfate chains and the O-linked oligosaccharides

Background: Benign peripheral nerve tumours consist of different types, most commonly Schwannomas. Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is commonly performed before surgery and Pathoanatomical Diagnosis (PAD) confirms the diagnosis. Our aims were to study the utility of MRI and the relation between tumour size and symptoms. Methods: Retrospectively, patients, surgically treated for benign

Avkastningsbaserad gräsrotsfinansiering är en kapitalanskaffningsmetod där små- och nystartade privata aktiebolag via en internetbaserad plattform tar in kapital från många mindre investerare, som i gengäld förvärvar aktier i bolaget. Gräsrotsfinansiering är en effektiv metod, men efter genomförd finansiering är det lilla privata aktiebolaget oftast behäftat med en stor aktieägarkrets, någon som kEquity crowdfunding is when a limited liability company raises capital from a large number of investors whom in return acquire shares in the company. Companies utilize equity crowdfunding to secure funds at an early stage. Equity crowdfunding will however alter the ownership structure of the company to a diversified ownership. In order to maintain its efficiency the company must retain the decisiv

I skrivande stund saknar ca två miljarder människor adekvat tillgång till essentiella mediciner och ca fyrtio tusen människor dör varje dag på grund av brist på tillgång till essentiella mediciner. Främst drabbas människor i u-länder. Tillgången till essentiella mediciner har således blivit ett vapen för att bekämpa sjukdomar som plågar människor i u-länder. Rätten till hälsa manifesteras i FN: sAt the moment of writing approximately two billion people around the world lacks adequate access to essential medicines. Furthermore approximately forty thousand people dies every day because of lack of access to essential medications. Mostly the affected populations are located in the developing countries. The availability of essential drugs has thus become a weapon to fight diseases affecting hu

Synnerligen grov misshandel är en brottstyp som introducerades i svensk straffrätt år 2010, detta efter att regeringen uttryckt att straffskärpningar behövdes då man inte ansåg att de utdömda straffen var proportionerliga i förhållande till brottets allvar. Flertalet fall har sedermera hamnat i HD och hovrätterna och en praxis har skapats kring vad brottet innebär. Stort fokus läggs på hänsynslöshExceptional aggravated assault is a crime which was introduced to Swedish criminal law in 2010. The reason behind this was the fact that the Swedish government believed that harsher punishments were needed due to the fact that they were not proportional in comparison to the seriousness of the crime. Regarding what is to be considered as exceptional aggravated assault, the courts tend to focus on t

Matsvinn är ett enormt miljömässigt, socialt och ekonomiskt problem. För att förebygga matsvinn har EU och FN uppmuntrat matvaruaffärer att donera ätbara livsmedel, som de av någon anledning inte vill sälja, istället för att slänga dem. Livsmedelslagstiftningen ställer dock till med problem. Särskilt den otydliga regleringen på området, ansvarsregler och skattebestämmelser avskräcker företag fråFood waste is a significant environmental, social and economic problem. In order to prevent food waste, both the EU and UN have encouraged grocery stores to donate rather than waste edible foodstuffs that are unable to be sold. However, the foodstuff legislation causes problems. Especially the ambiguous regulations, liability legislation and tax legislation discourage companies from donating foo

Bakgrund: UNFPA är en underorganisation till Förenta Nationerna (FN). UNFPA fokuserar på populations- och utvecklingsstrategier och jämlikhet mellan könen. I mars 2005 bestämdes det i UNDP/UNFPAs styrelse att UNFPAs inköpsavdelning (PSB) skulle behöva förbättras om de skulle nå upp till sina mål. Flera studier har genomförts och resultatet av dessa visade bland annat på en rekommendation att införBackground: UNFPA is a subsidiary organ to the United Nations (UN) with a primary focus on population and development strategies, sexual and reproductive health and gender equality. In March 2005 the UNDP/UNFPA Executive Board had realized that for the UNFPA Procurement Services Branch (PSB) to operate in line with its mission, focus would need to be directed specifically towards improvements in t

Bakterier och alger behöver, såsom andra organismer bl.a. kväve och fosfor för att växa. Dessa näringsämnen är begränsande i naturen men finns i höga koncentrationer i avloppsvatten. Stora mängder näringsämnen i naturen från exempelvis avlopp kan leda till övergödning och obalans i ekosystemen. För att kunna njuta av våra sjöar, åar och bäckar måste avloppsvatten renas, t.ex. genom. biologisk reniMalaysia is one of the most developed countries in Southeast Asia, and strives to be acknowledged as a high income country by the year of 2020. According to Malaysian Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations from 2009 there are effluent limitations regarding nutrient emission from wastewater treatment plants. The company responsible for the municipal wastewater treatment, Indah Water Konsortium,