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Digitaliseringen har i stor utsträckning revolutionerat sättet som företagen gör affärer på. Det finns inte längre samma behov av fysiska platser för affärsverksamheter eftersom teknologin har skapat virtuella platser där företag kan sälja både varor och tjänster utan att överhuvudtaget sätta en fot i jurisdiktionen. Emellertid har reglerna om fast driftställe alltsedan 1920-talet präglats av att The digitalisation has largely revolutionized the way companies do business. There is no longer the same need for physical locations for businesses for the reason that technology has created virtual locations where companies can sell both goods and services without even setting foot in the jurisdiction. However, the rules on permanent establishment have, ever since the 1920’s, been characterized b

Onlineplattformar är en väl integrerad del av den digitala handeln, några exempel är Amazon Marketplace, Booking.com och Expedia. I onlineplattformarnas avtal med leverantörer återfinns ofta en prisparitetsklausul. Det innebär att leverantören inte får erbjuda mer fördelaktiga priser på andra försäljningskanaler än vad leverantören erbjuder på onlineplattformen. Onlineplattformarnas prisparitetsviOnline platforms are an integrated part of the digital economy, examples of online platforms are Amazon Marketplace, Booking.com and Expedia. The agreements between online platforms and suppliers usually contain a price parity clause. Because of the price parity clause, the suppliers are not allowed to offer better prices in other sales channels compared to the online platform. The price parity cl

The purpose of this work was to contribute to the creation of a prototype of a new type of robot called Agile Parallel Kinematic Manipulator or AgilePKM for short. Designing, building and controlling a new type of robot is a task which goes beyond the scope of any master thesis project, but there are subtasks which are more suitable to handle within the available time frame. A principle design wil

The purpose of this work was to contribute to the creation of a prototype of a new type of robot called Agile Parallel Kinematic Manipulator or AgilePKM for short. Designing, building and controlling a new type of robot is a task which goes beyond the scope of any master thesis project, but there are subtasks which are more suitable to handle within the available time frame. A principle design wil

Mänskliga rättigheter och internationell humanitär rätt har traditionellt betraktats som två skilda rättsområden. i dag är mänskliga rättigheter emellertid universellt tillämpliga, även under väpnade konflikter. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning Europadomstolen tillämpat eller tagit hänsyn till internationell humanitär rätt i sina domar. Vad som visas är att EuropadInternational human rights law and international humanitarian law are traditionally two distinct branches of law, one dealing with the protection of individuals, the other with the conduct of parties to an armed conflict. There is today a recognition that international human rights law is applicable in situations of armed conflict, in parallel with international humanitarian law. The aim of this M

We are pleased that our paper on gender balance in the economics profession incited a number of commentaries on "Why few women in economics?" ( all in May 2008 Econ Journal Watch). The commentators include one sociologist, one psychologist, and three non-traditional economists-making for great breadth. Here we address the issues that seem most important to us. Our paper provided original documenta

As endorsed by states in the 2005 World Summit, the R2P doctrine primarily reaffirms the responsibility of states to protect their population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. Secondary responsibility is on the international community to encourage and help States to exercise this responsibility and where states manifestly fail to protect their populations to

This thesis deals with collusion risks in e-commerce markets based on an analysis of economic theory on structural factors facilitating collusion and empirical findings from studies and case law. It further offers an analysis of the legal status of any such collusion and a discussion on competition policy in relation to it. Whereas the legal rules governing collusion in Article 81(1) of the EC Tre

Miljöbron is a non-profit organization; their main purpose is to merge companies and students into different environmental projects. The projects can be an assignment, practical vocational training or degree thesis. Miljöbron is expanding and the demand from students and companies is rapidly growing. Because of the expansion, a large amount of information needs to be stored and managed in a struct

Popular Abstract in Swedish Föreliggande avhandling behandlar upplevelsen av ångest i stressfulla miljöer. Studierna i avhandlingen fokuserar framförallt på att undersöka två olika frågor. Den första frågan som undersöks är om en ökad ångest som personlighetsdrag kan förutsäga en sämre förmåga att utföra olika exekutiva kontrollfunktioner framförallt relaterade till aktivitet i hjärnan pannlob. DeThe present thesis deals with perspectives of anxiety experienced in stressful environments. As such two major issues are addressed. The first issue is whether increased trait anxiety during work in a high-stress environment is related to impaired performance on executive control tasks. The second issue is whether the characteristic of a stressor and pre-stress individual differences in executive

Critical infrastructures today are highly interdependent and increasingly important in providing services to the rest of the society. At the same time, each type of infrastructure requires specialised knowledge to design and manage. Therefore, to get a better understanding of how the infrastructures and the effect of interdependencies work as a whole, it is necessary to have an interdisciplinary a

Background: Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) have been suggested to have a potential role in both bone loss and pain in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), based on studies in vitro and in animal models. Here we addressed if anti-cyclic citrullinated (anti-CCP) antibodies were associated with osteopenia or pain in patients with RA, at the time for diagnosis. Methods: Baseline data from the BARF

Water shortages across the globe have increased due to climate change among other factors with negative impacts expected at the river basin level. Anticipating these impacts will help experts act in a timely manner to avoid a future water crisis. As part of addressing the future water shortage impacts on the Togolese community, this paper assessed water security in the context of the global enviro

I svensk rätt är yttrandefriheten grundlagsskyddad. Alla ska ha rätt till en fri och allsidig upplysning och ett fritt konstnärligt skapande. Att bruka sin yttrandefrihet i näringsverksamhet kan dock inskränkas enligt 2:23 RF. Marknadsföringslagen är tillämplig i de fall en näringsidkare marknadsför eller själva efterfrågar produkt i sin näringsverksamhet. Vidare stadgas det tre olika generalklauIn Swedish law, freedom of expression is constitutionally protected. Everyone shall have the right to free and comprehensive information and free artistic creation. However, exercising freedom of expression in business activities can be restricted according to Chapter 2, Section 23 of the Instrument of Government (Regeringsformen, RF). The Marketing Act (Marknadsföringslagen) applies when a trader

År 1977 infördes nämndemän i hovrätten vid brottmålsprövningar för att öka allmänhetens insyn och förtroende för rättsskipningen. Generella argument om att nämndemän även kunde bidra med inflytande i rättsskipningen genom kunskap om till exempel person- och ortkännedom fördes också fram i den statliga utredningen som låg bakom införandet. Trots detta begränsades nämndemännens inflytande från börjaIn 1977, lay judges were introduced in the Swedish Court of Appeal for criminal cases, primarily to promote transparency and increase public trust in the judiciary. The governmental inquiry that preceded the reform also highlighted potential contributions from lay judges through their local and personal knowledge. Despite this, their influence was limited from the beginning: only two lay judges pa

PowerPoint Presentation Border Deaths: Tragedy or Human Rights Violation? UPF Lecture, 17 January 2018 Thomas Spijkerboer Raoul Wallenberg Visiting Professor of Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, Lund University Professor of Migration Law, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Border deaths Théodore Géricault: The Raft of the Medusa (1819) (Louvre) JMW Turner: The Slave Ship (1840) orig. Slavers Throwing Ove

https://rwi.lu.se/app/uploads/2018/01/UPF-20180117-Border-Deaths.pdf - 2026-06-19

https://rwi.lu.se/insan-haklari-arastirmalari-hibe-programi-ihahp/ - 2026-06-19

1. Course Details 1. Course code ARK C01 2. Course title Archaeology: Viking Age Scandinavia 3. Cycle (1st, 2nd or 3rd) 1st [Undergraduate] 4. Higher education credits 7.5 credits 5. Details of approval of course Syllabus approved by the Syllabus Committee of the Faculty of the Humanities and Theology 8th February 2007. 6. Details of changes approved 2. General Information 1. Field(s) (if applicab

https://www.ark.lu.se/media/utbildning/dokument/kursplaner/ARKC01_eng.pdf - 2026-06-19

1. Course Details 1. Course code HOS M01 2. Course title Historical Osteology, Master’s (One Year) Thesis. Level 4. 3. Cycle (1st, 2nd or 3rd) 2nd 4. Higher education credits 15 5. Details of approval of course Syllabus approved by the Syllabus Committee of the Faculty of the Humanities and Theology 23rd May 2007. 6. Details of changes approved 2. General Information 1. Field(s) (if applicable) 2.

https://www.ark.lu.se/media/utbildning/dokument/kursplaner/HOSM01_eng.pdf - 2026-06-19