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Popular Abstract in Swedish Vårt immunförsvar arbetar konstant med att skydda kroppen från olika föremål, t. ex. bakterier, virus, gifter och cancertumörer, som kan orsaka skada eller sjukdom. För att kunna försvara kroppen mot sådana föremål så har immunförsvaret tillgång till flera, oerhört effektiva, vapen. Det viktigt att immunförsvaret känner igen, och endast angriper, skadliga föremål, så atCD40 is a cell surface receptor of pivotal importance that is expressed on several of the cells in the immune system. It is critical for many important events, such as T cell dependent B cell activation, isotype switching, somatic mutation and generation of B cell memory. The central role of CD40 in the immune system makes it an ideal target for antibody based immunotherapy. This led us to charact

Paenibacillus larvae, causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), is the primary bacterial pathogen affecting honeybees and beekeeping. The main methods for controlling AFB are incineration of diseased colonies or prophylactic antibiotic treatment (e.g. tylosin), neither of which is fully satisfactory. The search for superior means for controlling AFB has led to an increased interest in the natur

Gravitational tides are widely understood to strip and destroy galactic substructures. In the course of a galaxy merger, however, transient totally compressive tides may develop and prevent star-forming regions from dissolving after they condensed to form clusters of stars. We study the statistics of such compressive modes in an N-body model of the galaxy merger NGC 4038/39 (the Antennae) and show

Lung cancer is primarily a disease of the elderly, with a median age at diagnosis around 70 years. In our study we sought to address the question of whether and how clinical characteristics, molecular alterations and molecular phenotypes differ between patient populations with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (AC) with respect to age at diagnosis. Patients were stratified based on age at diagnosis

Introduction: Most studies determining speakers’ perceived gender as binarily female or male are reliant on F0 perception, although other vocal parameters may also contribute to the perception of gender. The current study focused on the impact of breathiness on the perception of speakers’ gender as a biological variable (feminine or masculine). Methods: n = 31 normal hearing, native English speake

Fructans—fructose-based oligo- or polysaccharides—are de novo synthesized from sucrose by transfructosylating enzymes of microorganisms and plants. Fructan-producing enzymes belong to glycoside hydrolase families 32 and 68. Levansucrases, inulosucrases, some invertases, sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyl transferases, fructan:fructan 1-fructosyl transferases, sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyl transferases and

During the last decades, there has been continuous development of nationwide quality registries to assess healthcare and to do research in Sweden. An important background motive is the demographic transition resulting from an increasingly ageing population as one of the most important challenges of our time and a growing concern in many European countries and elsewhere. One condition for meeting t

During the past few years we have seen an impressive number of studies using directed self-Assembly in soft matter research with a surprisingly wide range of underlying aims and goals. Here we will focus on field-driven colloidal selfassembly, and demonstrate how we can apply external electromagnetic fields in order to modulate the intrinsic interparticle interactions and induce additional directi

Calcium-rich supernovae (SNe) represent a significant challenge for our understanding of the fates of stellar systems. They are less luminous than other SN types and they evolve more rapidly to reveal nebular spectra dominated by strong calcium lines with weak or absent signatures of other intermediate-and iron-group elements, which are seen in other SNe. Strikingly, their explosion sites also mar

The atmospheric chemistry of two C 4H 8O 2 isomers (methyl propionate and ethyl acetate) was investigated. With relative rate techniques in 980 mbar of air at 293 K the following rate constants were determined: k(C 2H 5C(O)OCH 3 + Cl) = (1.57 ± 0.23) × 10 -11, k(C 2H 5C(O) OCH 3 + OH) = (9.25 ± 1.27) × 10 -13, k(CH 3C(O)OC 2H 5 + Cl) = (1.76 ± 0.22) × 10 -11, and k(CH 3C(O)OC 2H 5 + OH) = (1.54 ±

In 2023 an operator theoretic approach to the Prime Number Theorem was introduced by Olsen. In this thesis this approach is examined and applied to give a new, operator theoretic, proof of a different version of the Prime Number Theorem and of the Prime Number Theorem for arithmetic progressions. This approach is then expanded and rearranged to focus on the approximation error in the Prime Number

INTRODUCTION: Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) faced an elevated risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes and were prioritized for early vaccination. However, immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines remain poorly characterized in this group, especially in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor PD-1/PDL-1 (ICI) therapy.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective observational study,