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In disease dynamics, high immune gene diversity can confer a selective advantage to hosts in the face of a rapidly evolving and diverse pathogen fauna. This is supported empirically for genes involved in pathogen recognition and signalling. In contrast, effector genes involved in pathogen clearance may be more constrained. b-Defensins are innate immune effector genes; their main mode of action is
Lipid analysis performed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a relatively simple, cost-effective method of analyzing a broad range of lipids. The function of lipids (e.g., in host-pathogen interactions or host entry) has been reported to play a crucial role in cellular processes. Here, we show a method to determine lipid composition, with a focus on the cholesterol level of pr
Nano and micro structured thin (μ m-scale) foils were designed, fabricated and irradiated with the high intensity laser system operating at LLC (Lund Laser Centre, Sweden) in order to systematically study and improve the main proton beam parameters. Nano-spheres deposited on the front (laser irradiated) surface of a flat Mylar foil enabled a small enhancement of the maximum energy and number of th
Mitochondria produce ATP via respiratory oxidation of organic acids and transfer of electrons to O2 via the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This process produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) at various rates that can impact respiratory and cellular function, affecting a variety of signaling processes in the cell. Roles in redox signaling, retrograde signaling, plant hormone action, progra
Plasma biomarkers that reflect molecular states of the cardiovascular system are central for clinical decision making. Routinely used plasma biomarkers include troponins, natriuretic peptides, and lipoprotein particles, yet interrogate only a modest subset of pathways relevant to cardiovascular disease. Systematic profiling of a larger portion of circulating plasma proteins (the plasma proteome) w
Sweden has gained worldwide reputation for its family friendly policies and the high share of women in paid employment. This book points to the particular importance of early activation policies in the increase of women’s paid employment and in changing gender and family relations. It explores how the activation of women into paid work actually was accomplished: On what ideational grounds, and usi
In the present study, we have studied the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptors Ret, GFRα1, and GFRα2 in the retino-tectal system before and after optic nerve transection. Using retrograde neuronal tracing in combination with in situ hybridization, we found that Ret and GFRα1 are expressed by 13-14% of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). These Ret-expres
Scolecodonts provide fossil evidence of the evolution and diversification of jaw-bearing polychaetes from the latest Cambrian onwards. However, their record before the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) is scarce worldwide, which limits our understanding of key evolutionary events. One such event is the emergence of taxa possessing the asymmetrical labidognath-type jaw apparatus architecture, which b
Neuropeptides, protein-like molecules used for direct communication between neurons, may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and suicidal behavior. This chapter aims to critically review the current literature on associations between neuropeptides, major affective disorders, and suicidal behavior. Most studies included in this overview reported an association between suic
The local geology at Kloxåsen is characterised by ejecta deposits from the 458 Ma Lockne marine impact. The Kloxåsen ejecta are located on a Caledonian parautochthonous unit, approximately 7 km from the centre of the 7.5-km-wide Lockne crater structure. The ejecta were deposited on the seafloor and were covered with seawater immediately after the impact event. Of special interest is a mafic impact
Background: Many endoscopists acknowledge that the appearance of the papilla of Vater seems to affect biliary cannulation. To assess the association between the macroscopic appearance of the papilla and biliary cannulation and other related clinical issues, a system is needed to define the appearance of the papilla. Objective: The purpose of this study was to validate an endoscopic classification
Surface deterioration of concrete occurs at the waterline of many hydraulic structures in contact with soft water in cold regions. Progressive disintegration of the surface leads to exposure of the coarse aggregate and ultimately of the reinforcing steel. Mechanical, physical and chemical processes could cause deterioration of concrete at the waterline. The objective of this study was to investiga
Background A survey of the understory bryophytes in the Nectandra Cloud Forest Preserve yielded 1083 specimens distributed among 55 families, represented by 74 genera of mosses, 75 genera of liverworts and 3 of hornworts. We studied and analyzed the bryophytic distribution on six types of substrates: 1) corticolous, 2) epiphyllous, 3) saxicolous, 4) terricolous, 5) aquatic and 6) lignicolous. The
The technology shift thesisUnderstanding long term growth and transformation in a regional systemAbstractIn this paper we examines the long run economic growth and productivity performance of regions and how this relates to different phases of structural change and economic adaptability in different part of a national regional system.Firstly, we suggest a theoretical ‘systemic’ approach for analyz
The development of transparent accounting is often theoretically linked with the development of financial markets. In this paper we argue that such an understanding of transparent accounting does not necessarily consider the temporality of the historical context where transparent accounting is invented. To illustrate this argument we empirically investigate the raise of transparent accounting in S
We consider a selection of recent experimental results on electroweak W±,Z gauge boson production in pp collisions at BNL RHIC and CERN LHC energies in comparison to prediction of perturbative QCD calculations based on different sets of NLO parton distribution functions including the statistical PDF model known from fits to the DIS data. We show that the current statistical PDF parametrization (fi
In this study, multi-objective optimization of the performance of a solar receiver with dimple and delta-winglet vortex generators (DWVGs) is carried out. The thermal performance and outlet dimensionless turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are chosen as the optimization objectives. The dimple depth, dimple arrangement, the length, height, angle and spacing of the DWVGs are selected as the optimization
