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Att ta reda på hur och varför reaktioner sker molekyler emellan är ingen lätt uppgift. Ingen kamera är tillräckligt liten eller känslig (än) för att filma det som händer på molekylnivå. Istället behöver forskare genomföra experiment och samla stora mängder data för att få en bild av hur en reaktion går till, den så kallade reaktionsmekanismen. Att ta reda på reaktionsmekansimer ökar förståelsen föN-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the most common form of sialic acid, a nine-carbon sugar often situated at the ends of glycoconjugates. Its unique reactivity makes it a complex substrate to work on, but new methods are continuously developed. In 2007, Ye et.al. reported a regioselective substitution by morpholine on position 4 of fully acetylated Neu5Ac, with retained stereochemistry. The anom

Denna uppsats undersöker hur rörelsedata från hälsoapplikationer presenteras och värderas som bevis i svenska brottmål samt vilka rättssäkerhetsmässiga utmaningar som är förknippade med denna typ av digital bevisning. Uppsatsen inleds med en genomgång av de processrättsliga ramar som styr bevisprövningen i brottmål, med särskilt fokus på principen om fri bevisprövning. Därefter presenteras rörelseThis thesis examines how motion data from health applications is presented and evaluated as evidence in Swedish criminal trials, as well as the legal safeguards and challenges associated with this type of digital evidence. It begins with an overview of the procedural rules governing the assessment of evidence in criminal proceedings, with particular focus on the principle of free evaluation of evi

År 2018 införlivades Europeiska Unionens dataskyddsförordning i svensk rätt och dataskydd som ämne fick en allt större uppmärksamhet i media och i debatt. Dataskyddets framväxt började dock tidigare än så och är en viktig fråga för både enskild individ som för stat och företag. Tack vare en snabb teknisk utveckling och smarta algoritmer är personlig information en allt mer värdefull tillgång hos In 2018, the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (the GDPR) was incorporated into Swedish law, and data protection as such was increasingly noticed and given attention in the media. However, the emergence of data protection began a lot earlier than 2018 and is an important matter as for both individuals such as the state and companies. Through rapid technological development a

The aim of this thesis is to better understand Hindu-Christian relations in the experience of North Indian Pentecostals. The study proceeds from a social identity theory (SIT) framework and is guided by three research questions. The research questions call attention to Pentecostals’ perception of the two social groups ‘Christians’ and ‘Hindus’, how the relationship between the two groups is experi

Åberopandet av bevis i de svenska domstolarna styrs av principen om fri bevisföring, som ger parterna rätt att presentera de bevis de önskar, utan krav om att beviset ska ha tillkommit i enlighet med viss reglering. Från denna princip finns dock vissa undantag. Bevis som härstammar från en anonym källa har ansetts utgöra ett sådant undantag, på grund av oförenligheten med processrättens krav och pThe presenting of evidence within Swedish courts is controlled by the principle of free production of evidence, which gives the parties a right to refer to any evidence, without any requirements regarding its conception. There are however a few exceptions. Evidence originating from anonymous sources has been considered an exception, due to the discrepancy between such evidence and the principles o

This master’s thesis deals with commercialisation strategies for entrepreneurial firms. The basis of the work is a framework of investigation that incorporates a company’s internal and external factors, crucial when determining an appropriate strategy. This framework of investigation is applied on the case company Layerlab. Layerlab is an entrepreneurial company in the biotech industry, aiming at

Even though the Community is based upon the principle of an open market economy with free competition, there are certain exemptions to this notion. One of the exemptions is the fulfilment of services of general economic interest, an exemption that elucidates the delicate conflict of interest between Member States' prerogative to provide accessible and affordable public services, and the Commun

Background Mixed culture enrichments have been used frequently for biohydrogen production from different feedstock. In spite of the several advantages offered by those cultures, they suffer poor H2 yield. Constructing defined co-cultures of known H2 producers may offer a better performance than mixed-population enrichments, while overcoming some of the limitations of pure cultures based on synergi

Interstitial laser thermotherapy (ILT) is an attractive form of local therapy against cancer because of its anti-tumor immune activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate ILT in breast cancer with respect to technique, changes in tissue immunocompetent cells and effect on prognosis. The method is dependent on accurate assessment of the tumor, and another aim was therefore to evaluate if MRI is b

Popular Abstract in Swedish Cystisk fibros (CF) är en ärftlig sjukdom som orsakas av en defekt jonkanal. Denna defekt ger upphov till en onormal saltbalans i kroppen och följderna blir många. I lungorna och magtarmkanalen produceras ett väldigt segt slem vilket täpper till luftvägarna och medför andningssvårigheter. De slemfyllda lungorna klarar inte av att transportera upp slemmet och istället stCystic fibrosis is an inherited disease, caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. The gene codes for a protein that serve as chloride channel. In cystic fibrosis, this protein is lacking or has a defect function resulting in a thick and sticky mucus of the airways. The altered airway environment promotes mucus and growth of pathogenic bacteria. A common

Popular Abstract in Swedish Denna avhandling behandlar tillväxt av och elektriska mätningar på halvledande nanotrådar av indiumarsenid (InAs) och kombinationer av InAs och indiumfosfid (InP). En nanotråd är som namnet antyder en tunn solid tråd, som påminner om ett hårstrå fast med en diameter på typiskt 50 nm (en nanometer är en miljarddels meter, 10^-9 m) och längden kan vara allt från 100 nm upIn this thesis, semiconductor nanowires are studied from the point of view of growth and electrical properties. The growth of nanowires is done by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE), an ultra-high vacuum technique allowing a precise control of precursor deposition and low growth rates. In conventional epitaxy, growth is usually two or three- dimensional, depending on growth conditions and material combin

Introduction: Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) is a moderate penetrance breast cancer risk gene, whose truncating mutation 1100delC increases the risk about twofold. We investigated gene copy-number aberrations and gene-expression profiles that are typical for breast tumors of CHEK2 1100delC-mutation carriers. Methods: In total, 126 breast tumor tissue specimens including 32 samples from patients carry

Providing increased transmission speed, quality and an efficient spectrum utilization is crucial for high speed wireless services of today and the future. This thesis is a collection of papers that address an important step in that direction -- the utilization of the spatial domain of the wireless channel. Paper I provides a survey of the most important concepts in channel and radio propagation m

This thesis consists of a collection of essays on coordination in games and competition in international oligopolies. The first essay presents a theoretical analysis of a simple coordination game in which players simultaneously choose efforts from a compact interval. The original game has a continuum of Pareto-ranked equilibria. In a noisy variant of the model an error term is added to each player

A systematic assessment of radiotherapy for cancer was conducted by The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) in 2001. The assessment included a review of future developments in radiotherapy and an estimate of the potential benefits of improved radiotherapy in Sweden. The conclusions reached from this review can be summarized as: Successively better knowledge is available o

It has been demonstrated that prostate-specific antigen (PSA), in spite of its name, can be detected in body fluids and tumors from a variety of organs. Investigations have shown that human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2), a related prostate-secreted protease, can activate the zymogen form of PSA, suggesting that the two enzymes might work as a functional unit, with hK2 as the activator molecule and

All cellular organisms in aquatic environments are susceptible to virus attack. Viruses are the smallest but most abundant biological entities in freshwaters. This thesis describes interactions between viruses and bacteria in temperate and polar freshwaters with particular emphasis on Arctic and Antarctic aquatic systems. Free virus-like particles in freshwaters are vulnerable and exposed and as p

Milk is a dilute aqueous dispersion with a complex mixture of proteins, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Milk membrane lipids are a part of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), which covers the fat globules. During dairy processing membrane material is released and surface structure features are altered. The presence of free membrane material as well as various surfaces might influence

In the present work amphiphilic graft copolymers were prepared by free radical copolymerization of macromonomers in solution. The graft copolymers consisted of methacrylate backbones bearing ethylene oxide (EO)n side chains of varying length as ionophilic groups, and fluorocarbon (CF2)6 side chains or hydrocarbon groups as ionophobic groups. Homogenous polymer gel electrolytes were prepared by add