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När ett nytt sätt att använda ett redan känt läkemedel för behandling av en ny sjukdom påvisas, är det möjligt att erhålla ett patent den andra medicinska indikationen. Tidigare var det inte möjligt att patentera senare medicinska indikationer på grund av det allmänna nyhetskravet och förbudet på patent på medicinska förfaranden för diagnosticering eller terapeutisk och kirurgisk behandling. Till When a new medical use for a known pharmaceutical drug is discovered, it is possible to be granted a second medical use patent. Second medical use patents were previously not accepted due to the general novelty requirement for patents and the prohibition of patents on treatments by surgery or therapy and diagnostic methods. Due to the developments in EPO case law and the revision of EPC it is howe

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of industrial networks in the context of Chinese indigenous innovation policies. More specifically, it is the intention to explore which relationships of Chinese ICT firms with various business and non-business actors can facilitate directly or indirectly its innovativeness. Attention is also paid to the impact of overall innovation

The purpose of this study has been to test if GIS based methods calibrated with limited local data can be used to determine the origin and quantity of phosphorus transport to and within a small eutrophic lake, and to assess the effects of this transport on the lake water quality. The lake studied is Lake Flaten in Salem municipality, Sweden. The objectives have been achieved by delineating catchme

Due to human-induced environmental changes, many natural populations are undergoing extensive fitness declines. Natural or sexual selection could potentially shift the phenotypic mean of critical traits towards new phenotypic optima, promoting evolutionary rescue. However, this process has rarely been studied in natural populations. Furthermore, the population fitness can also be increased by gene

The interest for renewable energy within Australia is growing and the New South Wales (NSW) Government has committed to a Renewable Energy Target scheme of 20 percent renewable energy by 2020. Wind energy is a mature renewable energy resource, which has been successfully deployed for electricity generation around the world. It is further believed to be a viable option to help expand the renewable

Structural changes to agricultural landscapes due to agricultural intensification caused declines in biodiversity and abundance of animal groups providing ecosystem services and disservices to agriculture. Little is known about the relative contribution of animals to services and disservices after harvest and how these animal groups are affected by landscape configuration. Therefore, this study in

Summary: The aim of this study was to analyse how the composition and in particular the openess of the present-day landscape is reflected in pollen assemblages from surface sediment in lakes. The study is a continuation of an earlier pilot study including thirteen sites and a first step in an attempt to find a method of quantifying ancient cultural landscape in terms of surface areas from fossil p

Context. With the goal to accurately map about a billion of the Milky Way stars, the astrometric satellite Gaia was launched in December 2013. Its high precision and sensitivity will lead to better understanding of the Galactic structure and evolution. Also, it will be possible to probe the matter distribution in the Galaxy. Aims. To study how well the Galactic matter distribution can be determin

Experiments were performed on a prototype 4th generation DLE (dry low emission) burner under atmospheric pressure conditions to investigate the effects of hydrogen (H2) enrichment on methane (CH4) flames. The burner assembly was designed to have three concentrically arranged premixed sections: an outer Main section, an intermediate section (Pilot) and a central pilot body termed the RPL (Rich-Pilo

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding initiation rates in some developed countries are high (98 % in Sweden and 96 % in Australia) whereas in others, they are not as favourable (46 % to 55 % in Ireland). Although the World Health Organization recommends exclusively breastfeeding for six months, 15 % of Australian women, 11 % of Swedish women and less than 7 % of Irish women achieve this goal. Awareness of wha

BACKGROUND: Currently, only a limited number of molecular biomarkers for malignant melanoma exist. This is the case for both diagnosing the disease, staging, and efficiently measuring the response to therapy by tracing the progression of disease development and drug impact. There is a great need to identify novel landmarks of disease progression and alterations.METHODS: Matrix-assisted laser desor

Objectives: Health promotion is on the global agenda. The risks targeted include smoking, hazardous alcohol consumption, nutrition and insufficient physical activity. Implementation of clinical health promotion, however, remains a major challenge. While several processes, models and frameworks for strategic implementation exist, very few have been tested in randomized designs. Testing a strategic

BACKGROUND: A better definition of biomarkers and biological processes related to local recurrence and disease progression is highly warranted for ductal breast carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Stromal-epithelial interactions are likely of major importance for the biological, clinical, and pathological distinctions between high- and low-risk DCIS cases.METHODS: Stromal platelet derived growth factor rece

Background: Although schools are a key setting for the provision of mental health support for young people, little is known about the facilitators and barriers for providing such support. This study aimed to collect information from schools in 10 European countries regarding the priority given to mental health support for students, existence of a mental health‐related school policy, links with rel

Background: Studies carried out in simulated environments suggest that checklists improve the management of surgical and intensive care crises. Whether checklists improve the management of medical crises simulated in actual emergency departments (EDs) is unknown. Methods: Eight crises (anaphylactic shock, life-threatening asthma exacerbation, haemorrhagic shock from upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Objectives: This study determined: 1) the interobserver agreement; 2) valvular flow variation; and 3) which variables independently predicted the variation of valvular flow quantification from 4-dimensional (4D) flow cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with automated retrospective valve tracking at multiple sites. Background: Automated retrospective valve tracking in 4D flow CMR allows consistent ass

Over the last couple of years audio and radio sensors have become cheaper and more common in our everyday life. Such sensors can be used to form a network, from which one can obtain distance measures by correlating the different received signals. One example of such distance measures is time-difference of arrival measurements (TDoA), which can be used to estimate the positions of the senders and r

Brain activation mapping using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been extensively studied in brain gray matter (GM), whereas in large disregarded for probing white matter (WM). This unbalanced treatment has been in part due to controversies in relation to the nature of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast in WM and its detectability. However, an accumulating body of

Background: There is an increasing global interest in selection processes for candidates to surgical training. The aim of the present study is to compare selection processes to specialist surgeon training in the European Union (EU). A secondary goal is to provide guidance for evidence-based methods by a proposed minimum standard that would align countries within the EU. Methods: Publications and g