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Previous research has shown that the disease load experienced during the birth year, measured as the infant mortality rate, had a significant influence on old-age mortality in nineteenth-century rural Sweden. We know that children born in years with very high rates of infant mortality, due to outbreaks of smallpox or whooping cough, and who still survived to adulthood and married, faced a life len
The principles of mutual trust and mutual recognition are well established features of EU law. On a technical level, it is clear that the principles may require adoption of foreign levels of protection in individual cases as well as in legislation. At a closer look, however, the principles through “the rule of reason” also may imply quite the opposite: the imposing of domestic requirements on fore
With the triumph of the codex, medieval literature became more deeply hermeneutic in character. A vast range of texts, in various languages and genres, were not only copied with the commentaries and glosses of ancient tradition, but also underwent continuous reworking and transformation. Indeed, the very act of transcribing texts into a manuscript was often an incentive to rewrite them. This pract
This thesis contributes to the economic literature on prosocial behavior. It includes three papers, all of which relate to the issue of policy-driven spillovers across prosocial alternatives. For example, the common fundraising practice of donation matching could affect contributions through other channels; similarly, recycling policy could affect household efforts on other environmental activitie
BACKGROUND: Paralympic sport provides sporting opportunities for athletes with a disability, with the Paralympic Games as the main event. Participation in sport is, however, associated with a significant risk for sustaining injuries and illnesses. Our knowledge of sports-related injuries and illnesses in Paralympic sport is very limited and there are no large-scale epidemiological cohort studies.
Importance: Accurate blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer disease (AD) might improve the diagnostic accuracy in primary care, referrals to memory clinics, and screenings for AD trials. Objective: To examine the accuracy of plasma β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau measured using fully automated assays together with other blood-based biomarkers to detect cerebral Aβ. Design, Setting, and Participants: Two pros
The main goal with this thesis is to develop a method to maximize the fuel efficiency [ton/l] in construction machines, while fulfilling the desired productivity [ton/h]. This is achieved by focusing on two of the main influencers; the machine concept evaluation and the development of operator assist systems. To be able to perform a concept evaluation that is unbiased from control engineering expe
Background and Policy Context: Previous chapters in this book have explored several product-oriented policies, including mandatory laws and product energy labelling, and discussed the importance of an appropriate policy mix. In this chapter, we examine the effects of demand-side policies, with a focus on green public procurement (GPP). GPP has been defined as ‘a process whereby public authorities
Introduction: Product-oriented environmental law is an expanding, poly-thematic subsection of environmental law. First, an increasing number of policy instruments are being used at the international, European and national levels to regulate products, including mandatory performance standards, consumer subsidies, public procurement practices, product bans, taxes and charges and various kinds of man
BACKGROUND: The use of global gene expression profiling is a well established approach to understand biological processes. One of the major goals of these investigations is to identify sets of genes with similar expression patterns. Such gene signatures may be very informative and reveal new aspects of particular biological processes. A logical and systematic next step is to reduce the identified
Abstract Over the past decade, mass spectrometry has had an essential role in improvement of proteomics techniques. New instrument and analytical protocol developments have made mass spectrometry one of the most widely used analytical methods in quantitative proteomics. Today one of the commonly used protocols in proteomics is digestion of proteins to peptides and analysis of the peptides with li
En stor del av världens sjötransporter går mellan Asien och Europa. Idag är den södra rutten genom Suez-kanalen populärast, men efter att isen i Arktis börjat smälta har den norra rutten öppnats upp som en möjlig utmanare till den södra rutten och skeppsägare ställs nu inför ett val. Sjötransport är en riskfylld verksamhet och både den södra och den norra rutten innehåller områden med ökad risk. There are two main shipping routes between Europe and Asia, among those the Southern Route through the Suez Canal is by far the most popular route. Due to a decrease in Arctic sea ice, the Northern Sea Route have opened up and is expected to become a viable alternative and a possible competitor to the Southern Route. The purpose of this essay is to contribute by advising ship-owners on what route
Varje enskild skall vara berättigad att få tvister om sina materiella rättigheter och skyldigheter prövade i domstol. Mot bakgrund därom kan enbart lagstadgade undantag medge parter att, med bindande verkan, avtala om rättegångshinder. Detta anses ge uttryck för den processuella ogiltighetsprincipen, med innebörden att processuella överenskommelser enbart är giltiga om det finns lagstöd. Att brytaEvery individual shall be entitled the right to have disputes regarding his civil rights and obligations brought before a court. Therefore, a statutory exemption is required for agreements waiving the right of access to a court. The requirement is expressed through the procedural nullity principle, i.e. procedural agreements are only acceptable if there is a statutory exemption thereof. However, a
While renewable energy output in the World increases, Russia shows an opposite trend, consisting of a highly engrained fossil fuel-driven economy with very little State priority towards diversifying its energy supply. Accordingly, although wind energy represents only a niche market, it is more economically viable to electrifying Northern peripheral communities than connecting them to the national
We were interested in catalogers as human beings and in their reaction to a changed working situation. In the light of the changes which have been made at the libraries during the nineties, we investigated why the very group catalogers reacted with an intense and engaged open debate at the same time as librarians with special competence didn t seem to react in this way. The open debate about the c
Librarians like to think that libraries contribute substantially to the progress of research. However, libraries still seem to have serious problems getting integrated in their parent organization on equal terms with other parts of that organization. The degree of integration of the library is thus the main topic of this thesis and the purpose is to examine how the interaction between librarians a
This thesis is a pilot study for cross-disciplinary analysis with the aim to compare the prerequisites for sustainable harvesting of forest residues/fuels in southern and northern Sweden from both environmental and societal perspectives. It has three main focus areas: (A) Potential to produce forest fuels; (B) Effects on the nutrient budget; and (C) Practical aspects and attitudes within the fores
I en intervju med publicisten Ken Tyler så beskrev den amerikanska efterkrigskonstnären och abstraktionisten Helen Frankenthaler uppfinnarskapet som en regellös aktivitet: “Så föds konsten, på det sättet sker genombrott. Bryt mot reglerna eller ignorera dem. Det är vad uppfinnarskap handlar om.” Jämfört med juridikens precisa och noggranna metodik så framstår uppfinnandets skapande metod något anThe U.S. painter Helen Frankenthaler, a behemoth of post-war American abstractionist painting, once described the act of inventing as an activity without rules. ”This is how art is born, how breakthroughs happen. Go against the rules or ignore the rules. That is what invention is about”, she is quoted saying in a 1994 interview with legendary publisher Ken Tyler. In contrast with the precise and
Vinstsyftet är aktiebolagets mest grundläggande handlingsnorm och sätter begränsningar för vilka beslut som får tas av en bolagsledning och vilka intressenter man får beakta. I en värld med ökat institutionaliserat och internationellt ägande av företag kommer detta ofta i konflikt med lokala intressenter. Trots denna underliggande problematik och vinstsyftets roll som en av grunderna för aktiebolaThe purpose of a corporation is to maximize profit for its shareholders, and constitutes the most fundamental governing norm for a corporation. As such the corporate purpose sets limits on what decisions a corporation can make, and who to consider when making those decisions. In a world with growing international and institutional ownership of corporations, this often leads to conflict with the in
