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The biogeography of speciation and what can be learned about the past mode of speciation from current biogeography of sister species are recurrent problems in evolution. We used a trait- and individual-based, eco-evolutionary model to simulate adaptive radiations and recorded the geographical overlap of species during and after evolutionary branching (speciation). We compared the spatial overlap a
Epiphytic dwarf males on the females present a possible solution to the problem of short fertilization distances in mosses. However, leptokurtic spore dispersal makes dwarf males likely to be closely related to their host shoot, with an accompanying risk of inbreeding. The capacity of a female to harbour a high number of different dwarf males suggests that there may be mechanisms in place that cou
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with oxygen desaturation to a varying degree. A patent foramen ovale (PFO) may allow interatrial right-to-left shunting. The hypothesis of the current study was that oxygen desaturation will occur more often, in proportion to the frequency of respiratory disturbances, in OSA subjects with PFO than in those without. In a group of 209 subjects diagnosed w
Human neutrophils are activated by the beta-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-3, provided that the cells are primed by in vivo extravasation or by in vitro preactivation with, for example, LPS. Removal of terminal sialic acid can change neutrophil functionality and responsiveness due to exposure of underlying glycoconjugate receptors or change in surface charge. Here, we investigated whether suc
Optimization of fed-batch conversion of lignocellulosic hydrolyzates by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. The feed rate was controlled using a step response strategy, in which the carbon dioxide evolution rate was used as input variable. The performance of the control strategy was examined using both an untreated and a detoxified dilute acid hydrolyzate, and the performance was compa
Botanical macrofassil analysis of a more than 9000 years old, radiocarbon dated peat sequence of a moss peat bank from South Georgia, shows a clear evolution in the vegetation. Seven ecological phases could be distinguished and they can be interpreted in terms of climate development during the Holocene. Until 2200 years ago, Warnstorfia fontinatiopsis was the dominant moss species pointing to a we
The development of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow is dependent on communication with bone marrow stroma cells, making these cells central for the appropriate regulation of hematopoiesis. To identify transcription factors that may play a role in gene regulation in stroma cells, we performed comparative gene expression analysis of fibroblastic NIH3T3 cells, unable to su
The macroscopic appearance and microstructure in the dilute corner of the ternary monoolein (MO)-sodium oleate (NaO)-water ((H2O)-H-2) system have been investigated by visual inspection and by using direct structural imaging with light microscopy and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The microstructural transformations that take place between the micellar phase (binary NaO-(H2O)-H-2 axis
Cubomedusae (box jellyfish) possess a remarkable visual system with 24 eyes distributed in four sensory structures termed rhopalia. Each rhopalium is equipped with six eyes: two pairs of pigment cup eyes and two unpaired lens eyes. Each eye type probably captures specific features of the visual environment. To investigate whether multiple types of photoreceptor cells are present in the rhopalium,
Hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) includes a heterogeneous group of diseases that profoundly affect both cellular and humoral immune responses and require treatment by bone marrow transplantation. Characterization of the cellular and molecular bases of SCID is essential to provide accurate genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis, and it may offer the grounds for alternative form
Niddmli, a 16-Mb locus within the major diabetes QTL in the diabetic GK rat, causes impaired glucose tolerance in the congenic NIDDM11 strain. Niddm1i is homologous to both human and mouse regions linked with type 2 diabetes susceptibility. We employed multiple QTL analyses of congenic F2 progeny selected for one recombination event within Niddm1i combined with characterization of subcongenic stra
The presence of polyamines in living cells is crucial for survival. Due to their high net charge at physiological pH, polyamines effectively charge neutralize the phosphodiester backbone of DNA in an interaction that also may protect the DNA from external damage. We here present a study illustrating the influence of spermidine and spermine on the platination reactions of the model oligonucleotides
In previous studies, glucagon receptor knockout mice (Gcgr(-/-)) display reduced blood glucose and increased glucose tolerance, with hyperglucagonemia and increased levels of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. However, the role of glucagon receptor signaling for the regulation of islet function and insulin sensitivity is unknown. We therefore explored P-cell function and insulin sensitivity in Gcgr(-/
Insulin sensitivity and secretion are related in a curvilinear inverse asymptotic function. However, the signaling factors mediating this relation are not known. In this study, we explored whether circulating glucose, lipids or two adipocyte-derived hormones, leptin and adiponectin, are related to the curvilinear function between insulin sensitivity and secretion in subjects with normal glucose to
Aim: To study the influence of specific factors and events during pregnancy and the perinatal period on the risk of children developing inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: Population-based national register study. Linkage between the Swedish Medical Birth Register and the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register during the period 1987 to 2000 identified 455 singleton infants who later developed inflam
Knee kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is of interest in studies evaluating the effect of training programs. Many studies have addressed knee flexion/extension but not valgus/varus movements. Considering that joint stability is a major concern in ACL reconstruction surgery, movements occurring in the frontal plane of the knee also deserve attention. Knee extensor tor
Secretory lysosomes of natural killer (NK) cells combine storage, regulated secretion and lysosomal activity. We asked whether one could target exogenous proteins to the secretory lysosomes of NK-cells for final delivery into a tumor site upon degranulation. cDNAs for both soluble and transmembrane (tm) proteins were expressed in the human YT-Indy NK-cell line. Targeting of a soluble TNF receptor
The cubic phase of monoolein (MO) has successfully been used for crystallization of membrane proteins. It is likely that the transition to a lamellar phase upon dehydration is important for the crystallization process, and that the internal dimensions of the lipid phases (i.e., water pore diameter) are crucial for the inclusion and the diffusion of membrane proteins. In the present study, we inves
Object: The abdominal aorta (AA) has a predilection for aneurysm formation. An etiologic factor may be underlying aortic wall stress. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the AA, as a surrogate to arterial wall thickness, can be measured noninvasively with satisfactory results to calculate circumferential wall stress, and to evaluate regional and gen
