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Varumärkesintrång har traditionellt sett varit begränsat till situationer då risk för förväxling mellan två motstående märken föreligger. I detta avseende har varumärkesrätten främst varit ägnat åt att skydda konsumenter. Anseendeskyddet utmärker sig i avseendet att skyddssubjektet främst är varumärkesinnehavaren och det inneboende värde som återfinns i kända varumärkens särskiljningsförmåga ellerTraditionally, trade mark infringement has been restricted to situations in which a likelihood for confusion can be found, whereby trade mark law primarily protects consumers. The protection for marks with a reputation distinguishes itself in this regard as it mainly protects the proprietor of a trade mark and the inherent value found in a trade mark’s reputation and distinctive character. This

Uppgiftsskydd och marknadsexklusivitet är två nya immaterialrättsliga skydd till fördel för forskande läkemedelsföretag. Dessa skydd utgör komplement till bland annat patent och upphovsrätt och syftar till att skydda läkemedelsföretagens produkter från konkurrens. Uppgiftsskydd och marknadsexklusivitet har funnits i EU:s lagstiftning sedan 1987 men har först de senaste åren fått en ökad betydelse Data exclusivity and marketing exclusivity are two new forms intellectual property rights, for the benefit of pharmaceutical companies. They constitute a complement to other IPRs, including patent and copyright, and are intended to provide new pharmaceutical products with a limited time of protection against competition. Data exclusivity and marketing exclusivity has been a part of EU legislation

Laddade partiklar med hög energi kan ibland färdas snabbare än ljusets hastighet i det medium det för stunden befinner sig i. När detta sker, emitteras så kallat Cerenkovljus. Ljuset ligger inom det synliga spektret och kan alltså detekteras med vanlig kamerateknik. Många av de radionuklider som används för nukleärmedicinska undersökningar och terapier emitterar högenergetiska laddade partiklar nBackground: Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging detects the light emitted when a charged particle travels through a medium with a velocity greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium. The beta-particles emitted from many radionuclides used in nuclear medicine have sufficient kinetic energy to satisfy the requirement. Purpose: This thesis aimed to examine the physical and optical properties

Popular science summary Are drugs only drugs for human being? An experiment to see if some of the anthropogenic pharmaceuticals are toxic contaminants for the aquatic environment. All kinds of pharmaceuticals have been using widely and the amount has been increased significantly during the last few decades. Concerns about the occurrence of pharmaceuticals releasing into different matrixes of th

How can a small fire at a subcontractor in the USA lead to a multimillion dollar loss at a Swedish telephone company, and how can a single machine breakdown lead to a complete production stop at a production company? With today logistics and production trends, where terms such as Lean Production, Six Sigma, 5S, and World Class Manufacturing are used every day, production companies are introducing

Popular science summary Do metformin and phenformin cause toxicity to mitochondria of human blood cells? Metformin and phenformin are anti-diabetic drugs associated with lactic acidosis as a rare side effect. This side effect is thought to be due to drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In this project, the mitochondrial toxicity of metformin and phenformin was assessed in human blood cells. I

Wood-based light-weight I-beams are today widely used in the construction industry. An important feature of these beams is that the user can make holes in the web where needed. Today there is no general method used to calculate the reduced strength of these beams with a hole in the web. The calculation methods vary between the manufacturers and are commonly based on empirical results. The aim of t

Alla svenska medborgare är garanterade yttrandefrihet gentemot det allmänna. Detta skydd återfinns i såväl svenska grundlagar som i de internationella konventioner som Sverige har antagit. Arbetstagare som har det offentliga som arbetsgivare åtnjuter en högre grad av skydd än de arbetstagare som är verksamma i den privata sektorn. Detta beror på att YGL samt TF är direkt tillämpliga gentemot dessaAll Swedish citizens are guaranteed freedom of speech against the State. This protection can be found in both the Swedish constitution and in international conventions which Sweden has adopted. Workers who are employed in the public sector enjoy a higher degree of protection than the workers employed in the private sector. This is because the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression and the Act on

Denna uppsats belyser problematiken med överprövningar som föranleder upphandlande myndigheter att frångå det obligatoriska annonseringskravet genom att direktupphandla samhällsåtaganden på grund av synnerlig brådska. Att en upphandlande myndighet blivit tvungen att direktupphandla ett samhällsåtagande, i syfte att utföra en obligatorisk skyldighet, för att det uppstått brådska på grund av överpröThis thesis highlights the problem of review procedures that lead contracting authorities to waive the mandatory publication of a contract notice by directly procuring public commitments due to extreme urgency. The fact that a contracting authority has been forced to directly procure a public commitment, in order to perform a mandatory duty, in the event of urgency due to a review procedure will n

Solidariskt ansvar är huvudregeln när flera skadevållare gör sig skyldiga till en och samma skada. Solidariskt skadeståndsansvar innebär att skadelidande kan kräva en av skadevållarna på hela skadeståndsbeloppet som om skadevållaren skulle varit ensam ansvarig. Det krävs att de allmänna förutsättningarna för skadeståndsskyldighet är uppfyllda för var och en av skadevållarna. Den som har blivit kräJoint and several liability is the general rule in Swedish law when multiple guilty parties are responsible for one together caused damage. Joint and several liability means that the injured party can claim that just one of tortfeasors is held responsible for the entire amount of the damages like as if the tortfeasor was alone responsible for the whole damage. The general conditions for liability

Den svenska stiftelsen är av mycket gammalt ursprung, och idag ryms flera vitt skilda stiftelsetyper inom stiftelsebegreppet. Bland dessa utmärker sig den näringsdrivande stiftelsen. Trots att stiftelsen inte är en association kan den bedriva näringsverksamhet, antingen direkt genom stiftelsen, eller indirekt via näringsdrivande dotterbolag. Under det senaste halvseklet har den näringsdrivande stiThe Swedish foundation (Sw: stiftelse) is of old origin, and today the concept comprises several different types of foundations, among which the enterprise foundation stands out. Though the foundation is not a form of business entity, it can still carry out commercial activities, either directly through the foundation in its own name, or indirectly via subsidiary companies. During the last half-ce

Popular science summary The effect of glucose and incretin proteins on insulin secretion and OPN production Insulin secretion is a sensitive cellular process with ramifications in diabetes mellitus development. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia, a chronic condition defined by high levels of circulating glucose. Insulin hormone is the primary regulator of glucose absorption from

Aktieägaravtalet är ett populärt komplement till de vanliga aktiebolagsrättsliga styrdokumenten. Det syftar till att ytterligare reglera aktieägarnas mellanhavanden och associeras med en rad kommersiella fördelar så som avtalsfrihet och konfidentialitet. Däremot har aktieägaravtalets bolagsrättsliga verkningar under många år varit föremål för diskussioner. Den gängse uppfattningen har länge variThe shareholders’ agreement is a popular complement to the articles of association. It seeks to further regulate shareholders' dealings and is associated with a range of commercial advantages such as freedom of contract and confidentiality. However, the company law implications on the shareholders' agreement are still subject for discussions. The prevailing view has long been that the sha

I våldtäktsmål utgör ofta målsägandens berättelse en stor del av bevisningen eftersom bevisning i den här typen av mål kan vara svår att få fram. Därmed blir målsägandens trovärdighet av stor betydelse för utgången i målet. Redan i NJA 1980 s. 225 slog Högsta domstolen (HD) fast att det för än fällande dom inte räcker att målsäganden är mer trovärdig än den tilltalade. Efter detta mål har praxis uIn rape cases, the victim’s story often represents a crucial part of the evidence, since it can be difficult to produce other types of evidence in such cases. Therefore, the victim’s credibility is of great significance for the outcome of a case. Already in NJA 1980 p. 225, the Supreme Court (HD) stated that in order to accomplish a conviction it is not sufficient for a victim to be more credible

Traditionally, the underground problems have been handled in the topic geotechnical engineering. Within geotechnical engineering FEM has in recent years begun to be used to solve problems in the soil mechanics. The soil mechanical relations are also applicable to the superstructure materials. The usage of the same tools on the entire road structure increases the chances to catch the degradation of

The purpose of this essay is to compare the sacrifice story in Gen 22 with rabbinical commentaries on the binding of Isaac (Aqedah). More specifically, I want to examine what it is in the text of Gen 22 that may have influenced and inspired the early rabbinic tradition of Aqedah; that all subsequent animal sacrifices received its force and validity from the profits that Isaac won by his sacrifice.

Som en följd av den ökade globala rörligheten har internationella utsändningar kommit att bli allt vanligare. Dessa utsändningar kräver emellertid en effektiv planering och administration, inte minst vad gäller hanteringen av skatter. Inom internationella företag tillämpas ofta en särskild skattekompensationspolicy för att garantera att den anställde vid en utsändning inte erhåller en lägre dispon

(Musicality in acting: musicality as a standard and an educational goal for Western spoken theatre) Abstract This thesis takes its point of departure in the prominent use of the term ’musicality’ as a prestige word in theatre discourse where, obviously, not exactly the same reference and meaning is ascribed to the concept as in contexts of music. There seems to be very little previous research in

This Master Thesis has been performed as a development project for Asko Cylinda AB in Vara, Sweden. The company develops, manufactures and markets conventional tumble dryers among many other products. An important part of a tumble dryer is the filter holder with belonging fuzz filters mounted on the door of tumble dryer’s. The fuzz filter’s objective is to filtrate the hot drying air that pass thr