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Rättighetsstadgan utgör en del av EU:s primärrätt och medlemsstaterna är bundna av stadgan när de tillämpar EU-rätten. Enligt domstolens praxis omfattar begreppet ”tillämpar” att medlemsstaten implementerar en bestämmelse; tillämpar ett i fördragen angivet undantag från fri rörlighet; och när de använder grundläggande rättigheter för att inskränka fri rörlighet. I C-235/17 Kommissionen mot UngernThe Charter of Fundamental Rights is part of the primary law of EU. The member states are bound by the charter when they are implementing EU law. The term “implementing” has by the court been confirmed to include when a member state is implementing an EU regulation; when they are using a legitimate exception to free movement; and when they are using fundamental rights to restrict free movement. I

Title: Price Wars and Consumer Surplus Seminar date: 2020-06-03 Course: FEKH19, Bachelor Degree Project in Strategic Management, 15 ECTS Authors: Felix Thunström, Malkolm Wester, Oliver Nilsson, Simon Taillefer Dellenholt Advisor: Niklas L. Hallberg Key words: Pharmacy, Price wars, Consumer surplus, VPC framework, Perfect competition Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a price

Popular science summary Spatial Memory Accuracy in Marsh tits (Poecile palustris) - an experimental study Food hoarding is a prevalent food protection behaviour in nature and it is performed by variety of animals including some mammals and birds. Two main food hoarding strategies have been observed among animals; larder hoarding and scatter hoarding. Larder hoarders aggregate all their food in

Bilden av Sverige som ett land utan grov organiserad brottslighet har successivt kommit att förändras. Grov organiserad brottslighet är inte längre något som svenskarna enbart associerar med södra Italien och Francis Ford Coppolas kultförklarade film Gudfadern. Som en del av denna utveckling inleddes under 2007 regeringens mobilisering mot grov organiserad brottslighet, vilken i huvudsak har kommiThe self-image of Sweden as a country without organized crime has gradually been changing. Organized crime is no longer something that the Swedes associate with southern Italy or Francis Ford Coppola’s cult film The Godfather. In 2007, the Swedish government initiated a mobilization against organized crime, which in essence came to mean two things. Firstly, the government founded an extensive coop

This paper seeks to provide an analytical framework for designing a more effective law enforcement for the crime of commercial sexual exploitation of children. The author has chosen to focus on a group of children particularly at risk in the society due to the lack of attention, namely accompanied children in the migration process. Out of a total of 1086 asylum seeking accompanied children arriv

Lakes are a key feature of arctic landscapes and can be an important component of regional organic carbon (OC) budgets, but C burial rates are not well estimated. 210 Pb-dated sediment cores and carbon and organic matter (as lo

Peer-to-peer-plattformar (P2P) använder informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) för att koppla samman konsumenter med tjänsteleverantörer. Tillväxten av P2P har gett upphov till vetenskapliga och offentliga diskussioner om förtroende i den digitala tidsåldern. Förtroende är en förutsättning för samarbete och ordnade sociala relationer. Detta är särskilt viktigt när det gäller uthyrning av turThis thesis investigates how trust is built in the relationships between guests and hosts in digital environments of peer-to-peer (P2P) platforms. The growth of P2P platforms and their use of information and communication technologies have sparked scholarly and public discussions about trust in the digital age. Trust is a social phenomenon essential for cooperation and orderly social relationships

BACKGROUND: Modern modular implants allow surgeons to mix different combinations of components within the same brand. From 1999 to 2012, the NexGen®-CR Option femoral component, together with a NexGen® Option Stemmed tibial plate (stemmed baseplate), which uses a short central stem, was the most-frequently used NexGen® combination in the Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register. However, from 1999 to 20

The need for sustainable agricultural systems, which for example enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) content, has increased the interest for management with reduced tillage. In this study we used a Swedish long-term (20 yrs.) systems experiment, including reduced tillage (harrowing 10 cm) and plowing (moldboard plow 0–20 cm) combined with three levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization. With this setup w

Atmospheric pollution has implications for the health and diversity of temperate forests covering large parts of central Europe. Long-term elevated anthropogenic deposition of nitrogen (N) is driving forest ecosystems from the limitation by N to other nutrients and is found to affect tree health and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), which most trees depend on for nutrient uptake. However, the consequen

In order to understand the ecological effects of climate change it is essential to forecast suitable areas for species in the future. However, species' ability to reach potentially suitable areas is also critical for species survival. These 'range-shift' abilities can be studied using life-history traits related to four range-shift stages: emigration, movement, establishment, and proliferation. He

A significant portion of the large amount of carbon (C) currently stored in soils of the permafrost region in the Northern Hemisphere has the potential to be emitted as the greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 under a warmer climate. In this study we evaluated the variability in the sensitivity of permafrost and C in recent decades among land surface model simulations over the permafrost region between 19

Due to advances in technology the amount of images from portable cameras has increased tremendously in recent years. Nowadays, most new mobile phones and cars have multiple cameras. Drones and other robots are often equipped with cameras as well. To be able to capture an image is not the same as to understand the content of it. Computer vision deals with the task of giving machines the ability to

Increased production and consumption of local food may reduce the negative environmental, social, and economic impacts of industrialized and globalized food production. Here we examined potential barriers to increasing production and consumption of food produced in Iceland. First, we developed a new framework to address the behaviors of production and consumption simultaneously, to comprehensively

The concept of Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) in internal combustion engines has shown to yield high gross indicated efficiencies, but at the expense of gas exchange efficiencies. Most of the experimental research on partially premixed combustion has been conducted on compression ignition engines designed to operate on diesel fuel and relatively high exhaust temperatures. The partially premix

OBJECTIVES: To illuminate patterns observed in International Cancer Benchmarking Programme studies by extending understanding of the various influences on presentation and referral with cancer symptoms.DESIGN: Cross-country comparison of Denmark, England and Sweden with qualitative analysis of in-depth interview accounts of the prediagnostic process in lung or bowel cancer.PARTICIPANTS: 155 women

In the era of the Internet of Things and social media; communities, governments, and corporations are increasingly eager to exploit new technological innovations in order to track and keep up to date with important new events. Examples of such events include the news, health related incidents, and other major occurrences such as earthquakes and landslides. This area of research commonly referred t

Innovation in retailing is under-investigated in academia and yet a highly relevant concern given the current changes in the retail landscape. Although retailing is often characterized by a dynamic and highly competitive environment, retail organi- zations are not often considered as ‘innovative,’ at least when compared with manufacturing industries, or when using exist- ing innovation frameworks

Background: Despite its well-established positive effects, exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (exCR) is underused in patients following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with non-Attendance at exCR in patients post-AMI in a large Swedish cohort. Methods: A total of 31,297 patients who have suffered an AMI, mean age 62.4 ± 4 years, were

Haemophilus influenzae är en bakterie som lever i människans luftvägar. Ofta orsakar bakterien ingen skada hos personen som bär den, men ibland orsakar H. influenzae luftvägsinfektioner såsom öroninflammation hos barn, akut försämring hos patienter med kroniskt obstruktiv luftvägssjukdom (KOL) samt lunginflammation. Bakterien kan också orsaka allvarliga infektioner såsom blodförgiftning och hjärnhHaemophilus influenzae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections such as acute otitis media (AOM), exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia. The species is subdivided into encapsulated and non-encapsulated strains, designated type a-f and nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi), respectively. Prior to introduction of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines aga