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Popular AbstractDetta är en histora över teorier om ojämnt utbyte och deras upphovsmän. Den börjar med merkantilismen och Richard Cantillons jordvärdeteori, ger en kort beskrivning av tidig klassisk ekonomi och Gerald Fitzhugh. Bland det tidiga 1900-talets marxistiska ekonomer spelade ojämnt utbyte en roll i Otto Bauers tolkning av nationalistiska motsättningar, och i Henryk Grossmanns verk som enThis is a history of theories and theorists of unequal exchange. Starting with mercantilists and Richard Cantillon's theory based on land values, it briefly covers the early Classical economists and Gerald Fitzhugh. Among early 20th century Marxist economists, unequal exchange appeared in Otto Bauer's explanation of nationalist antagonism, and in Henryk Grossmann as countering the breakdown of cap

The purpose of this thesis was to describe, interpret and compare the set of rules in Swedish civil law regarding repayment of unlawful transactions done before a Limited Company has become bankrupt. This paper is merely based on the rules of refunding according to the Bankruptcy Act and the rules invented to prevent illegal dividend of profit in limited companies according to the Limited Company

During the last half-century there has been an increase in the volume and complexity of international business. Nowadays it is easy to carry through different types of transactions between Member States of the EU. One example can be an establishment, to avoid or at least reduce taxes, particulary by taking advantage of tax incentives offered by many countries to attract geographically-mobile capit

I en komparativ studie undersöktes regleringen av flera former av eutanasi (dödshjälp) och assisterat självmord i Sverige, Nederländerna, Schweiz och Italien. Även Europadomstolens praxis, samt attityder till och förekomst av eutanasi behandlades och resultaten sammanställdes. Bland de jämförda länderna är aktiv eutanasi, dvs. att aktivt förkorta en annans liv, tillåtet endast för nederländska lThe regulation of several types of euthanasia and assisted suicide in Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy was examined, as well as case law from the European Court of Human rights, and attitudes towards and occurrence of euthanasia. The results were then analysed. Active euthanasia, i.e. to actively shorten the life of another person, is legal only for Dutch physicians. The physician

The semiconductor industry is one of the most technologically advanced and complex industries in the world, not only because of the extreme development pace, but also because of the necessary production processes to create the finished product. The value increase from silicon as raw material, to integrated circuits (IC), is equivalent to the transformation of sand into a product worth more than it

Swedish law is very keen on the fact that every person should be treated equal when facing the legal system. When it comes to cases concerning children, social workers and judges are expected to strictly obey the rules of the law but at the same time make individual judgements based on the best interest of the child, something that requires a great deal of empathy and knowledge. Is it possible to

Regleringen av hasardspel i EU:s medlemsstater präglas av moraliska, kulturella och historiska hänsyn. Spelverksamhetens särdrag, och framförallt dess skadliga följder samt intäkterna den genererar har medfört att medlemsstaterna generellt sett reglerar denna marknad på ett restriktivt sätt, och i vissa fall anförtros tillhandahållandet av speltjänster till statliga monopol. Den snabba utvecklingeThe regulation of games of chance bears significant moral, cultural and historical features throughout the EU Member States. The particularities of gambling activities, and notably the risks they entail and the revenues they generate, have determined Member States to strictly regulate this market sector, and indeed, in some cases, to entrust the provision of such services to state-owned monopolies

Parterna till en företagskoncentration måste ofta ändra den planerade transaktionen för att kommissionen anser att den påtagligt skulle hämma den effektiva konkurrensen inom gemenskapen. Kommissionen ser helst att de berörda företagen erbjuder sig att avyttra en verksamhet för att på så vis på ett permanent sätt upprätthålla eller återställa konkurrensen på marknaden. Denna typ av strukturellt korParties to a merger often need to change their original transaction plan because the commission’s investigation shows that the merger would lead to significant impediments of the effective competition on the common market. The Commission prefers the undertakings to divest such businesses or assets necessary to permanently maintain or restore an effective competition on the common market. However,

Many studies have used the relative activities of extracellular enzymes associated with microbial carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition to infer the relative C vs. nutrient limitation of the microbial community. However, recent experimental and theoretical evidence has shown that the use of ecoenzymatic ratio to infer limiting microbial resources may be invalid. We added the two

Large herbivores can control plant community composition and, under certain conditions, even induce vegetation shifts to alternative ecosystem states. As different plant assemblages maintain contrasting carbon (C) cycling patterns, herbivores have the potential to alter C sequestration at regional scales. Their influence is of particular interest in the Arctic tundra, where a large share of the wo

Background: Polyphosphates (PolyPs) have been reported to exert pro-inflammatory effects. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating PolyP-provoked tissue accumulation of leukocytes are not known. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the role of specific adhesion molecules in PolyP-mediated leukocyte recruitment. Methods: PolyPs and TNF-α were intrascrotally administered, and an

In the 21st century, climate change in combination with increasing demand, mainly from population growth, will exert greater pressure on the ecosystems of the Sahel to supply food and feed resources. The balance between supply and demand, defined as the annual biomass required for human consumption, serves as a key metric for quantifying basic resource shortfalls over broad regions.Here we apply a

In this study, we analyzed healthcare provision and health expenditure across six Mediterranean countries that adopt the National Health System (Beveridge model) and that form part of the European Union (EU) with the main aim being that of analyzing and comparing out-of-pocket health spending in countries with a European Mediterranean connection. To this end, we considered various economic indicat

The human population and its food consumption continues to grow and the environmental impact of meeting future food demands depends on how we expand the food supply. Already, agricultural intensification has led to biodiversity declines, which in turn can have direct and indirect effects on agricultural production. For future sustainable production there is a need to support ecosystems and their a

Changes in forestry practices and on-going climate change may both have large impacts on forest bird populations. However, large-scale analyses of the effects of temporal changes in forest structure on forest bird numbers are largely lacking. We compared temporal trends from two Swedish nationwide long-term monitoring schemes, the Swedish Bird Survey (1998–2015) and the Swedish National Forestry I

BACKGROUND: Gender differences regarding psychiatric ill-health are well known in the general population. However, not much research is done on people with intellectual disability, and especially not among older people with intellectual disability.METHODS: People with intellectual disability aged 55+ years in 2012 in Sweden were identified through a register containing information on those receivi

The savanna complex is a highly diverse global biome that occurs within the seasonally dry tropical to sub-tropical equatorial latitudes and are structurally and functionally distinct from grasslands and forests. Savannas are open-canopy environments that encompass a broad demographic continuum, often characterised by a changing dominance between C3-tree and C4-grass vegetation, where frequent env

In the last decades, the role of warehouses has increased due to wider product range, emphasis on shorter lead times and constant changes in customer demand. The increased demands forces companies to improve their warehousing operations for better service level and decreased costs. Different technology solutions like WMS and RFID are currently available for supporting this improvement. However, th

The oil crisis in the 1970’s made countries realize their dependence on oil; and with it a dependence of other countries. To be self-sufficient and to be able to decrease the impact of economic crises, such as the oil crisis, some countries have started searching for renewable alternatives for fossil fuels. In the same process the importance of saving energy has become another vital action towards

Title: Information sharing for improved collaborative planning – A case study in the food supply chain from manufacturer to retail stores Authors: Gunilla Hansson and Maria Hansson, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University Supervisors: Maria Fagrenius, Customer Service & Development Sweden/Ahold Customer Supply Manager, Kraft Foods Sverige AB Fredrik Nilsson, Department of Design Sciences